Pages

▼

Saturday, March 28, 2026

Important and Top Contributors to Industrial Engineering.

This year I want to promote birthdays of important contributors to industrial engineering for celebration by IE departments in all organizations.


Important contributors to industrial engineering.


Ralph Barnes - Motion and Time Study -  17 October, 

Tim Cook - Apple - Application of IE in Supply Chains - Supply Chain Industrial Engineering - November 1, 1960

Harrington Emerson - Productivity Management - Efficiency Management - August 2, 1853


Gilbreth - Motion Study, Process Charts - July 7

Goldratt - Importance to Constraints in Production Planning and Process Improvement   -   March 31, 1947

Prof. Mikell P. Groover - Manufacturing Technology, Robotics, Work Systems, September 8, 1939.


Harold Bright (H.B.) Maynard - Operation Analysis, Handbook of IE, MTM, Most  - Maynard - 18 October.

L.D. Miles -  Value Analysis and Engineering, April 21.

Nakajima - Importance of Equipment Improvement and Maintenance for Productivity (Will be covered in December newsletter)


Taiichi Ohno - Importance of IE for Production Systems and Cost Reduction - TPS with Great Importance given to IE,  February 29, 1912

Shigeo Shingo - Process Improvement Methodology, SMED, Poka Yoke   January 8, 1909

F.W. Taylor - Productivity Science, Productivity Engineering, Productivity Management  March 20, 1856

-------------------------------

Special Issues of Modern Industrial Engineering LinkedIn News Letter

Ralph Barnes - Motion and Time Study -  17 October, 

Tim Cook - Apple - Application of IE in Supply Chains - Supply Chain Industrial Engineering - November 1, 1960

Harrington Emerson - Productivity Management - Efficiency Management - August 2, 1853


Gilbreth - Motion Study, Process Charts - July 7

Goldratt - Importance to Constraints in Production Planning and Process Improvement   -   March 31, 1947

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/march-2026-issue-taylor-month-ie-contribution-fw-industrial-kvss-71nlc/

Prof. Mikell P. Groover - Manufacturing Technology, Robotics, Work Systems, September 8, 1939.


Harold Bright (H.B.) Maynard - Operation Analysis, Handbook of IE, MTM, Most  - Maynard - 18 October.

L.D. Miles -  Value Analysis and Engineering, April 21.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/april-2026-product-industrial-engineering-ld-miles-value-kvss-5zrfc/

Nakajima - Importance of Equipment Improvement and Maintenance for Productivity (Will be covered in December newsletter)


Taiichi Ohno - Importance of IE for Production Systems and Cost Reduction - TPS with Great Importance given to IE,  February 29, 1912

Shigeo Shingo - Process Improvement Methodology, SMED, Poka Yoke   January 8, 1909

F.W. Taylor - Productivity Science, Productivity Engineering, Productivity Management  March 20, 1856

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/march-2026-issue-taylor-month-ie-contribution-fw-industrial-kvss-71nlc/





Ralph Barnes - Motion and Time Study

Tim Cook - Apple - Application of IE in Supply Chains - Supply Chain Industrial Engineering

R.M. Currie - Work Study


Harrington Emerson - Productivity Management - Efficiency Management

Gilbreth - Motion Study, Process Charts

Goldratt - Importance to Constraints in Production Planning and Process Improvement


Prof. Mikell P. Groover - Manufacturing Technology, Robotics, Work Systems

Harold Bright (H.B.) Maynard - Operation Analysis, Handbook of IE, MTM, Most

Nakajima - Importance of Equipment Improvement and Maintenance for Productivity


Taiichi Ohno - Importance of IE for Production Systems and Cost Reduction - TPS with Great Importance given to IE,

Shigeo Shingo - Process Improvement Methodology, SMED, Poka Yoke

F.W. Taylor - Productivity Science, Productivity Engineering, Productivity Management


This year I want to promote birthdays of important contributors to industrial engineering for celebration by IE departments in all organizations.



Celebrate the birthday of F.W. Taylor in your Industrial Engineering Department and Company. Birthday of Taylor on 20 March. Share what you are implementing in your company from Taylor's Ideas.

March 2026 Taylor Month of IE - Contribution of F.W. Taylor to Industrial Engineering and Productivity Management.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/march-2026-issue-taylor-month-ie-contribution-fw-industrial-kvss-71nlc

#IndustrialEngineering #Productivity #CostReduction  #Products  #Processes #Facilities


F.W. Taylor said in his testimony that scientific management was not a one man theory and development. Number of executives and thinkers contributed to its development.

Contributors to Industrial Engineering - Birthdays


January 8 - Shigeo Shingo (1909)


February 28 - Carl Barth (1860)

29 - Taiichi Ohno (1912)

March 20  -  Frederick Taylor (1856)


April 4 - Charles Buxton Going (1863)  - Principles of Industrial Engineering - Book in 1911

May 20 - Henry Gantt (1861)

May 24 - Lilian Gilbreth (1878),

June 11 - Kiichiro Toyoda (1894)

June 18 Philip Crosby (1926)

July 7 - Frank Gilbreth (1868)

July 13 - Henry Hallowell Farquhar (1884)

July 29 - Henri Fayol (1841)  - Fayol recognized the contribution of F.W Taylor in his paper on Management


August 24 - Henry R. Towne (1844)


September 12 - Eiji Toyoda (1913)


October 14 - W. Edwards Deming (1900)  - Quality Management  http://mtrrp.blogspot.in/2014/05/total-quality-management-approach.html

October 17 -  Ralph M Barnes (1900)

18 -  H.B. Maynard
26 - Charles E. Bedaux (1886)
29 - Captain Henry Metcalfe (1847) - Cost of Manufacture

November 1 Tim Cook (1960)
7 - Chester Barnard (1886), 
8 - George Dantzig

December 8 - Eli Whitney (1765)
22 - Arthur G. Bedeian (1946)
24 - J.M. Juran (1904)


Ud. 28.3.2026

Pub. 9.3.2026


at No comments:

Target Costing and Industrial Engineering



Target costing is cost estimation method to set cost targets for a product and its components in relation to the target price set by the company for the product as an objective.

Target cost method requires cost reduction methodology to achieve the set  target costs. Hence industrial engineers are called to assist the new product development teams to support cost reduction. Industrial engineers have to the knowledge bases containing cost information for various elements of products and processes. Hence they will be able to locate lower cost alternatives to any design idea. They can investigate any competitor design that is giving better cost effectiveness or productivity.

Industrial engineering tools were used by the Toyota managers in target costing exercises. Taiichi Ohno specifically mentioned the role of Industrial Engineering in improving the profitability of Toyota Motors by reducing costs.

We can say industrial engineering finds an avenue for its services, when company implements target cost methodology for its new products.

Added on 26 July 2018

Now, I developed the term "Product Industrial Engineering" to indicate the redesign of products  carried out by industrial engineering to reduce the cost of production and distribution of the product. While "value engineering" is the first redesign technique that focused on cost reduction of a product by redesigning, we now have more tools and industrial engineers can contribute to the target costing based new product introductions as well as annual budgets.

Industrial engineers are committed to total cost industrial engineering. Total cost industrial engineering is application of engineering and engineering activity related management to reduce the cost of manufacture and distribution of a company's product and service portfolio.


Product Industrial Engineering

Study Materials




Product Industrial Engineering

Value Engineering - Introduction

Value Analysis and Engineering Techniques

Value Analysis: Approach and Job Plan

Knowledge Required for Value Engineering Application and Practice

Functional Analysis Systems Technique (FAST) - Value Engineering Method

Value Engineering - Examples, Cases and Benefits

Value Engineering in Construction - Structures, Roads, Bridges

Value Engineering at the Design and Development Stage - Tata Nano Example

Low Cost Materials and Processes - Information Board  - Database for Industrial Engineering and Value Engineering

Value Engineering - Bulletin - Information Board



Lean Product Development - Low Waste Product Development - Efficient Product Development



Design for Manufacturing

Design for Assembly



Cost Reduction/Productivity Improvement Methods of Industrial Engineering

Methods efficiency engineering and the related operation analysis examine proposed manufacturing processes and eliminate wastes or inefficiencies.

Motion economy principles based design provides for the best motion pattern that minimizes human effort.

Layout efficiency improvement takes care of layout related issues.

Value engineering takes a product and component design analysis approach to reduce costs.

Operations research optimizes various parameters subject to the given constraints.


Implementing Target Costing - IMA Note
IE techniques  DFMA and Value Engineering are included in the note the achieve cost reduction during the design process.
http://www.imanet.org/docs/default-source/thought_leadership/management_control_systems/implementing_target_costing.pdf

Tools and Techniques for Implementing Target Costing - IMA



Current Status and Challenges of Target Costing in Japanese Major Corporations
2006 Article
Masayasu Tanaka,Masao Okuhara, Masao Ariga
http://www.value-eng.org/knowledge_bank/attachments/200631.pdf

-----------------------------------------


New Bibliography added on 26 July 2018 - 27.3.2026


Narayana Rao KVSS • You

Professor (Retired), NITIE - Now IIM  Mumbai - Offering FREE IE ONLINE Course Notes

2mo


Cost governance is a new term,?

Reaction button state: no reactionLike



Reply
1

45 impressions

View Vijayakumar P’s profile
Vijayakumar P

Author

General Manager - Projects management at Pricol precision products Pvt Limited 

2mo


Narayana Rao KVSS Cost Governance is not a traditional accounting term. It refers to governing the structural system that continuously produces cost behaviour — product architecture, flow design, batching logic, policies, and decision latency — rather than managing cost numbers or variances. The intent is to shift the discussion from “cost control” to governing the enterprise physics that creates cost.

https://www.linkedin.com/posts/vijayakumar-p-8a0a171b7_cost-is-not-reduced-it-is-coordinated-share-7415445027675353088-lUEO















Why NYU Tandon for Industrial Engineering?

Industrial Engineers complete their programs well versed in the theories and practical application of lean manufacturing, target costing, and design for manufacturability. Our program establishes a strong foundation in the ability to create engineering processes and systems that improve quality and productivity while eliminating the waste of labor, time, and resources.
http://archive.engineering.nyu.edu/academics/online/masters/industrial-engineering (Accessed on 26 July 2018)

Study on the Strategies of Target Cost Management in the Supply Chain of Aeronautic Complex Product.
Hang-hang Chen and Li-xin Pan
2016
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sj-FCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA502#v=onepage&q&f=false

Using Target Costing to Enhance the Operating Profit
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-QW5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA938#v=onepage&q&f=false
2016
Article: Research of Implementation Mode of Strategic Management Accounting.
Yang-fang Gao et al.

B. Gopalakrishnan, A. Kokatnur, D.P. Gupta, (2007) "Design and development of a target‐costing system for turning operation", Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 18 Issue: 2, pp.217-238,
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/17410380710722917


Target Costing and Value Engineering
Robin Cooper, Regine Slagmulder
 1997 - Productivity Press
Published May 31, 1997
Reference - 359 Pages
https://www.crcpress.com/Target-Costing-and-Value-Engineering/Cooper-Slagmulder/p/book/9781563271724

May 1993
New product costing, Japanese style. (CPA in Industry )
By Margaret Lgagne and Richard Discenza
http://archives.cpajournal.com/old/14345315.htm



Target Costing, Industrial Engineering and Value Engineering Consultants

EFS Consulting, Vienna
https://efs.consulting/en/target-cost-and-cost-down/


Updated 26 July 2019,   26 July 2018,  23 July 2016, 28 November 2013
at No comments:

Industrial Engineering - Thermal Power Plant - Bibliography



Power Plant Engineering - Lecture Notes
http://poisson.me.dal.ca/site2/courses/mech4840/

Chief Industrial Engineer position was mentioned in the power plant engineering textbook of Morse.



Are there chief industrial engineers in power plants today?


Ranking of journals in Energy Engineering and Power Technology
http://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php?category=2102



Websites

http://www.power-eng.com/index.html

National Association of Power Engineers Inc. (USA)
http://www.powerengineers.com/


2018

 Are you running your boilers  with high efficiency? Check.


Workshop on Efficient Operation and Maintenance of Boiler

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5fwblwp9BU


2014
Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Handbook: A Guide to Thermal Power Plants
Swapan Basu, Ajay Debnath
Academic Press, Nov 10, 2014 - 942 pages
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ns06BAAAQBAJ



2013

Thermal Power Plants Advanced Applications
http://www.intechopen.com/books/thermal-power-plants-advanced-applications


2012

Improving Energy Efficiency of Boiler Systems - PDH Notes
http://www.pdhcenter.com/courses/m166/m166content.pdf


Thermal Power Plant Performance Analysis
Gilberto Francisco Martha de Souza
Springer Science & Business Media, Jan 5, 2012 - 288 pages
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=P76AAjX2DEQC


http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/coal-handeling-plant-in-a-thermal-power-generating-station

Application of Supply Chain Tools In Power Plant- A Case of Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant
S. Shakeel Ahamed, G. Rangajanardhana, E. L. Nagesh
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IEL/article/view/1436


Energy Efficiency Improvement in Thermal Power
Plants
Genesis Murehwa, Davison Zimwara, Wellington Tumbudzuku, Samson Mhlanga
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-2, Issue-1, December 2012
http://www.ijitee.org/attachments/File/v2i1/A0357112112.pdf



2009
Application of Six Sigma DMAIC methodology in thermal power plants: A case study
DOI:10.1080/14783360802622995
Prabhakar Kaushika* & Dinesh Khandujab
pages 197-207
Total Quality Management & Business Excellence
Volume 20, Issue 2, 2009
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14783360802622995?journalCode=ctqm20



2002
Power Plant Engineering by P K Nag TMH  2002
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Cv9LH4ckuEwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false



Other Relevant Information







BHEL India
Design Analysis and Value Engineering Group
Major activities of the group include Stress Analysis, Modal Analysis and Thermal Analysis aimed at development of new designs (concept to prototype), design validation, assessment of deviation and failure analysis. Other specialized functions of the group are Residual Life Assessment of power plant components and Value Engineering. Types of analyses include Static Analysis, Dynamic Analysis and Non-linear Analysis for Plasticity and Creep. While the "ANSYS" software is used for the analyses, the Group also develops "Fortran" and "Excel" based programs to enhance the utility of "ANSYS".
http://www.bhel.com/about_rd_mechanical2.php
query @ bhel.com



Department for Optimisation of Processes and Constructions of Turbine Machinery
Podgorny Institute For Mechanical Engineering Problems
http://www.ipmach.kharkov.ua/en/structure/Dep31/



Ud. 27.3.2026, 14.2.2025
Pub. 28.6.2015
at No comments:

Industrial Engineering in Electrical Engineering


Ubiquity of Industrial Engineering Principle - Industrial Engineering is applicable to all branches of engineering.





Thermal Electricity Generation - Five Operations in the Process and Industrial Engineering of Those Operations

ASME - Gilbreth Process Chart for Productivity Improvement


The process chart records all activities taking place in the process under 5 major operations of the process.

1. Operation - Processing the inputs into the process.

2. Inspection - Inspection activities

3. Transportation and mechanical and manual handling activities in the process.

4. Delays occurring the in the process - Electricity may not be produced. Equipment may remain idles. Delays occur due to problems purchase planning, production quantity planning, manpower planning, maintenance planning etc.

5. All stores and items stored in the process. The incremental cost of stores has to be brought down. Stores procedures may lead to elongation of cycle times and delays.


News Related to Operations/Processes for Industrial Engineers in Power Plants


1. Operation - Processing the inputs into the process.

New Paths to Productivity in Power Generation
AUGUST 07, 2017 


Methods of Improving the Efficiency of Thermal Power Plants
Tongjun Zhang,  2020,  J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1449 012001

[1] Harvey, Abby et al. 2017 History of Power: The Evolution of the Electric Generation Industry 
Powermag. [Online] Available: https: //www. powermag. com/
2019].
[2] BP p.l.c. 2019 BP Statistical Review of World Energy (68th edition). UK: Pureprint Group Limited.
[3] Swapan Basu and Ajay Kumar Debnath 2019 Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Handbook 
(2nd Edition). Academic Press p 1152
[4] W He, H Zhu, Y G. Liu, G Z Yi, and S C Pan 2019 Forest for ultra-super critical power generation 
technology China Energy and Environmental Protection vol 41 chapter 6 pp 77-81
[5] Augusto Di Gianfrancesco 2016 Materials for Ultra-Supercritical and Advanced 
Ultra-Supercritical Power Plants Woodhead Publishing 
[6] Q C Fei, C Liang 2012 Analysis on Energy Saving for Water Cooling System in Thermal Power 
Plants Electric Power vol 9
[7] L J Chen, L J Mi, C Xu,and Y Lei 2010 Development and Analysis of Direct and Indirect Air 
Cooling under New Situation Power System Engineering vol 26 chapter 6
[8] Y Q Kong, W J Wang, X W Huang, L J Yang, X Z Du,and Y P Yang 2017 Direct dry cooling 
system through hybrid ventilation for improving cooling efficiency in power plants Applied 
thermal engineering: Design, processes, equipment, economics vol 119 5 June pp 254-268
[9] Y Y Jiang, X Z Du, H M Hu, and Z G Li 2018 Thermodynamic characteristics of thermal power 
plant with hybrid (dry/wet) cooling system Energy 2018
[10]G Xu, L Zhou,S Zhao, F Liang, C Xu, and Y Yang 2015 Optimum superheat utilization of 
extraction steam in double reheat ultra-supercritical power plants Applied Energy vol 160 pp 
863–872
[11]Y J Ye and S L Shen 2011 Characteristics of European High-Efficiency Coal Fired Units and 
Their Implications for Chinese Power Plant Electric Power Construction vol 32 chapter l pp 
54-58
[12]K L Xu, Y H Xiong, H 2015 Pan Reheat Pressure and Feed-water Enthalpy Rise Optimization of 
Double Reheat Unit Turbine Technology vol 57 chapter 10 pp 371-373
[13]K Wang, Y Q Chen, B H Huang, X F Chen 2011 Performance Research on Domestic Gas-Steam 
Combined Cycle Unit North China Electric Power 4 pp 18-21


2. Inspection - Inspection activities


Thermal Power Plant Performance Testing: Major Equipment Performance Testing, Boilers, Turbines, Condensers, Pumps, Fans, Test Methodology and Code Requirements, Equipment Efficiency, Heat Rate Calculations, Correction Factors

Introduction
This seminar provides detailed description of the all performance testing methods for all thermal power plant equipment including boilers, turbines, condensers, pumps, fans, deaerators, and feedwater heaters. The methodology, and code requirements for the performance tests for all thermal power plant equipment will be covered thoroughly in this seminar. The preparatory work and instrumentation required for each test will be described in detail in this seminar.
 
The efficiency calculations for all the equipment used in circulating fluidized-bed (CFB) boiler and pulverized coal boiler power plants will be covered in-depth in this seminar. All the processes, operational and maintenance activities, capital projects, technical options, potential initiatives and incentives to implement upgrades/repairs for increasing the power plant equipment efficiency will also be covered in detail. This seminar will also provide a thorough explanation of CFB and pulverized coal boiler technology including hydrodynamics, combustion, emissions, design considerations, gas-solid separators, design of CFB and pulverized coal boiler components, management of solid residues, materials, stoichiometric calculations, and model for sulfur capture. The operation, maintenance, testing, and refurbishment options of all the equipment and systems used in CFB and pulverized coal power plants will be covered in detail including, boilers, superheaters, reheaters, turbines, condensers, feedwater heaters, deaerators, pumps, compressors, fans, electric generators, instrumentation and control systems, and governing systems, etc. All the factors which affect CFB and pulverized coal boiler power plant efficiency and emissions will be explained thoroughly. All the methods used to calculate the heat rate of CFB and pulverized coal power plants will be covered in detail. All the areas in CFB and pulverized coal boiler power plants where efficiency loss can occur will be explained. This seminar will also provide up-dated information in respect to the following methods used to improve CFB boiler and pulverized coal boiler power plant heat rate:

Optimizing the Combustion Process and Sootblowing
Controlling the Steam Temperature
Recovering Moisture from Boiler Flue Gas
Performing Steam Turbine Maintenance
Lowering Condenser Back Pressure
Pre-drying High Moisture Coal and Reducing Stack Temperature

Seminar Outcome

Thermal Plant Performance Testing: Gain a thorough understanding of all the performance testing methods for all thermal power plant equipment including boilers, turbines, condensers, pumps, fans, deaerators, and feedwater heaters.

Performance Test Methodology and Code Requirements: Understand the methodology, and code requirements for the performance tests of all thermal power plant equipment

Performance Test Preparatory Work and Instrumentation: Learn about the preparatory work and instrumentation required for each equipment performance test in a thermal power plant

Equipment Efficiency Calculations: Gain a thorough understanding of the efficiency calculations for all the equipment used in circulating fluidized-bed (CFB) boilers and pulverized coal boilers power plants
Calculating the Heat Rate of CFB and Pulverized Coal Boiler Power Plants: Learn all the methods used to calculate the heat rate of CFB and pulverized coal boiler coal power plants

Benefits of Lowering the Heat Rate of CFB and Pulverized Coal Boiler Power Plants: Understand all the benefits of lowering the heat rate of circulating fluidized-bed boiler coal power plants

Methods Used to Improve CFB and Pulverized Coal Boiler Power Plants Heat Rate: Gain a thorough understanding of all the methods used to improve the heat rate of CFB and pulverized boiler coal power plants

Processes, Operational and Maintenance Activities in CFB and Pulverized Coal Boiler Power Plants: Discover all the processes, operational and maintenance activities used to improve the heat rate of CFB and pulverized coal power plants

Capital Projects Used to Improve the Heat Rate of CFB and Pulverized Coal Boiler Power Plants: Learn about all the capital projects used to improve the heat rate of CFB and pulverized coal power plants

Technical Options for Improving the Heat Rate of CFB and Pulverized Coal Boiler Power Plants: Understand all the technical options used to improve the heat rate of CFB and pulverized coal boiler power plants

Potential Initiatives and Incentives to Implement Upgrades/Repairs for Improving the Heat Rate of CFB and Pulverized Coal Bed Boiler Power Plants: Discover all the potential initiatives and incentives to implement upgrades/repairs for improving the heat rate of CFB and pulverized coal power plants

Factors Affecting CFB and Pulverized Coal Boiler Power Plants Efficiency and Emissions: Learn about all the factors which affect CFB and pulverized coal boiler power plants efficiency and emissions
Areas in CFB and Pulverized Coal Power Plants where Efficiency Loss Can Occur: Discover all the areas in CFB and pulverized coal power plants where efficiency loss can occur

Optimize the Operation of CFB and Pulverized Coal Power Plant Equipment and Systems to Improve the Plant Heat Rate: Understand all the techniques and methods used to optimize the operation of CFB and pulverized coal power plant equipment and systems to improve the plant heat rate

CFB and Pulverized Coal Power Plant Equipment and Systems: Learn about various types of CFB and pulverized coal power plant equipment and systems including: boilers, superheaters, reheaters, steam turbines, governing systems, deaerators, feedwater heaters, coal-handling equipment, transformers, generators and auxiliaries

Special Feature
 
Each delegate will receive a digital copy of the following materials written by the instructor:
“POWER GENERATION HANDBOOK” second edition published by McGraw-Hill in 2012 (800 pages)

Excerpt of the relevant chapters from the “POWER PLANT EQUIPMENT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE GUIDE” published by McGraw-Hill in 2012 (800 pages)
THERMAL POWER PLANT PERFORMANCE TESTING MANUAL (includes practical information about all the performance testing methods for all thermal power plant equipment - 300 pages)

Course Materials

Each participant will receive a complete set of course notes and handouts that will serve as informative references.

Toshiba Group Develops Inspection Technology for Plant Facilities and Equipment in High Inaccessible Places
- To provide safe and secure inspection solution by combining Group’s cyber and physical technologies.
October 29 2019
Toshiba Corporation
Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation



3. Transportation and mechanical and manual handling activities in the process.


Materials Handling In Power Plants
MATERIAL HANDLINGTECHNOLOGY
On Nov 30, 2013

4. Delays occurring the in the process - Electricity may not be produced. Equipment may remain idles. Delays occur due to problems purchase planning, production quantity planning, manpower planning, maintenance planning etc.

5. All stores and items stored in the process. The incremental cost of stores has to be brought down. Stores procedures may lead to elongation of cycle times and delays.


Related Information

Increasing power plant productivity to cover the ever-rising demand for energy.
The world’s largest producers of power generation equipment build on Oerlikon advanced materials, functional coatings or process technologies to improve performance and cut the environmental impact of energy generation systems.

Recently, our products improved the wear resistance of steam turbine components by a factor of 25. (2021).

Oerlikon materials and coating technologies for hydropower turbine components reduce material erosion by a factor of up to 50 and increase the service life of components three to five times compared to uncoated components. (2021)


Productivity Science of Power Plants


FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTIVITY IN THE LARGE THERMAL POWER GENERATION STATIONS IN KENYA
Mungatana Mwaka
2007, MBA Thesis




Thermal Power Plant - Technical Note
http://www.slideshare.net/mastersheel007/thermal-power-plant-s

Manual on Best Practices for Thermal Plants in India
ftp://asiapacificpartnership.org/PowerGenTF/Power_Plant___All_pages.pdf
CII - USAid - ICICI Bank Report



Detailed Note on Cost Reduction Opportunities Power Systems
http://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2013/11/cost-reduction-opportunities-in-power.html


International Comparison

Comparison of Power Plants Efficiency among 73 Countries, by Tser-Yieth Chen, Tsai-Lien Yeh, and Yi-Ting Lee, Journal of Energy
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 916413, 8 pages
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jen/2013/916413/



Productivity in Generation

Productivity of Grid connected plants in Nicaragua
http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/49356/1/MPRA_paper_49356.pdf

Energy Conservation in 210 MW Thermal Plant
http://www.emt-india.net/Presentations2009/3L_2009Jan29-30_PowerPlant/Day1/2.%20NPC-%203L%20programme_%2029.%2001.%2009.pdf

Productivity in Distribution

Improving Efficiency in Transmission and Distribution System
Mallesh Gadeppanavar and , Vinay Pattanashetti
Electrical and Electronics Engineering department, Angadi institute of technology and management Belgaum-590008, India
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013)




Productivity of Boilers in Thermal Plants

An Investigation Of Productivity In Boilers Of Thermal Power Plants With Fuzzy Gain Scheduled PI Controller, January 2010
http://ijerad.kku.edu.tr/sayi_3/IJERAD1001_09.pdf





Optimization of Components and Products


Steam Turbine


Steam Turbine Optimization

Multiobjective optimization of a steam turbine stage

Increasing Steam Turbine Power Generation Efficiency

Design and Materials for Modern Steam Turbine up to 700 MW

Transformers
Transformer design optimization
Modern Transformer Design


Motors


5 Factors That Mess Up Motor Efficiency and How To Improve It
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/5-factors-that-mess-up-motor-efficiency-and-how-to-improve-it


Generators

Auxiliary Systems of Power Plants
Energy Efficient Design of Auxiliary Systems in Fossil-Fuel Power Plants - ABB Energy Efficiency Handbook
http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/5e627b842a63d389c1257b2f002c7e77/$file/Energy%20Efficiency%20for%20Power%20Plant%20Auxiliaries-V2_0.pdf


Optimization of Systems

Distribution system


Productivity of Human Factor
Line men
Safety and Health of Employees


Product Industrial Engineering

PDF Available
Value Analysis Method, Leverage for Cost Reduction and Technological Change in the Electrical Engineering Field
December 2013, Universal Journal of Industrial and Business Management 1(4):162-170
DOI:10.13189/ujibm.2013.010404
LicenseCC BY 4.0
Authors:
Cristina Mihaela Gheorghe
Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie Politehnica București
Mircea Covrig, Mihai Virgil Popescu
1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 060042, Romania 2. Electrical Machine Works Bucharest, Romania 
*Corresponding Author: cristina.gheorghe  at the rate upb.ro 




Value Engineering for Electrical Construction
POSTED 10-15-23

Carpenter Electrification
Complete Guide to Electric Motor Optimization: From Design to Testing
February 21, 2025 


© January 2020 IJSDR | Volume 5, Issue 1 

Implementation of Value Engineering and Zero Defect Principle in Manufacturing of Go-Kart 

Samarth Gurudatt Gaikwad1, Chaitanya Milind Parchure2, Apurva Vinay Patil3, Akshay Chandrakant Vibhute4 

1,2B. E Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DKTE Society's Textile & Engineering Institute Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra, India. 
3,4B.E Student, KIT College Of Engineering Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. 



Value Engineering service from Patronics Services - Electrical Engineering Excellence
The Oval, Wing A, 5th Floor Jalaram Road
/ Ring Road Parklands, Nairobi, Kenya
P.O Box 18245 – 00500



Advances in electric motors: a review and benchmarking of product design and manufacturing technologies
Open access
Published: 15 July 2025
Volume 142, pages 312–345, (2025)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00502-025-01331-3


Open Access Articles on Electric Motors


Course

Industrial Engineering - Electrical Engineering.

What can you expect in this profession?
Bachelor of Engineering in industrial engineering (focus on electrical engineering) are particularly qualified for activities in the increasingly important operational interfaces between the economic and technical areas, as they have a broad knowledge of both disciplines. 
 Therefore, you can be employed in a wide range of areas, preferably in departments where technical and business topics meet, such as in purchasing or sales, where you analyze technical issues from an economic point of view or sell complex technical products.

Which fields of activity are relevant for you?
Project Management national and International
Strategic Procurement
Production Control.


at 3 comments:

Friday, March 27, 2026

Software Value Engineering

There are attempts at applying value engineering methodology to software area.
A 1995 M.S. thesis is available on the theme.
____________
____________

Commercial Off The Shelf software components - Selection using requirement approach
www.lcc.uma.es/~av/Proyectos/west/publications/cots.ppt

Remember: Utilize vendors' available "functional products" is a value analysis technique

Adopting COTS products
http://www.alexander-egyed.com/publications/Adapting%20COTS%20Applications%20-%20The%20Fine%20Line%20between%20Development%20and%20Maintenance.pdf

Related Knols

Ud. 27.3.2026
Pub. 16.6.2012
at No comments:

Lean Construction - The Toyota Industrial Engineering of Construction


Welcome to Lean Design & Construction!

Lean Construction Institute (LCI) is a non-profit organization, founded in 1997.
http://www.leanconstruction.org/
The Institute operates as a catalyst to transform the industry through lean project delivery using an operating system centered on a common language, fundamental principles, and basic practices. We have these broad goals:

Create Industry Demand for Lean
Grow and Sustain Members
Develop Lean Knowledge
Develop Lean Capacity
Develop Collaboration and Distribution Channels

Tact Planning in Construction




PhD Thesis 2019







2014
Lean Construction Institute - Chicago
Community of Practice Events
http://www.leanconstruction.org/communities/chicago/

2013
Institute of Lean Construction of Excellence (ILCE). India
Indian engineers, managers and industry leaders are aware of lean construction and taking steps to implement it.
ILCE was established in India in 2008 as a partnership between construction industry leaders and academia.  

Lean construction has  answers to complete projects early, get business benefits without compromising on clients’ satisfaction, according to Dr. Subhash Rastogi, Executive Chairman of BT&BT.


2012 Address in Lean Construction Institute Conference
________________

________________


Lean Construction Journal
http://www.leanconstruction.org/lcj/

AIMS

Published by the Lean Construction Institute since 2003, the Lean Construction Journal (LCJ) is an international refereed journal devoted to Lean Construction practice and research.


2004 paper
http://www.constructingexcellence.org.uk/pdf/fact_sheet/lean.pdf


1999
CONSIDERATIONS ON APPLICATION OF LEAN CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES TO
DESIGN MANAGEMENT
Patricia Tzortzopoulos1  and Carlos Torres Formoso2
Proceedings of IGLC 7
http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~tommelein/IGLC-7/PDF/Tzortzopoulos%26Formoso.pdf




Ud. 27.3.2026
Pub. 10.9.2014
at No comments:

Service Systems Industrial Engineering - Efficiency and Productivity in Services



Service Systems Engineering

https://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Service_Systems_Engineering


Value of Service Systems Engineering

https://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Value_of_Service_Systems_Engineering

 

November 2023

With the AI-powered IBM watsonx Assistant, IBM helps you enhance conversational AI, improve the agent experience and optimize call center operations and data.

https://www.ibm.com/info/ai-for-customer-service  


https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-use-service-systems-engineering


https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-use-service-systems-engineering?utm_source=share&utm_campaign=copy_contribution_link&utm_medium=member_desktop&contributionUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28urn%3Ali%3AarticleSegment%3A%28urn%3Ali%3AlinkedInArticle%3A7099450259512188928%2C7099450261361823744%29%2C7128403182820433921%29&articleSegmentUrn=urn%3Ali%3AarticleSegment%3A%28urn%3Ali%3AlinkedInArticle%3A7099450259512188928%2C7099450261361823744%29&dashContributionUrn=urn%3Ali%3Afsd_comment%3A%287128403182820433921%2Curn%3Ali%3AarticleSegment%3A%28urn%3Ali%3AlinkedInArticle%3A7099450259512188928%2C7099450261361823744%29%29


Service Systems Engineering and Management (Operations Research Series) 1st Edition

by A. Ravi Ravindran (Author), Paul M. Griffin (Author), Vittaldas V. Prabhu (Author)


eTextbook

$28.85 - $56.95


 

Hardcover

$117.92 


 

Paperback

$59.95 


Recipient of the 2019 IISE Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers Joint Publishers Book-of-the-Year Award


This is a comprehensive textbook on service systems engineering and management. It emphasizes the use of engineering principles to the design and operation of service enterprises. Service systems engineering relies on mathematical models and methods to solve problems in the service industries. This textbook covers state-of-the-art concepts, models and solution methods important in the design, control, operations and management of service enterprises.


Service Systems Engineering and Management begins with a basic overview of service industries and their importance in today’s economy. Special challenges in managing services, namely, perishability, intangibility, proximity and simultaneity are discussed. Quality of service metrics and methods for measuring them are then discussed. Evaluating the design and operation of service systems frequently involves the conflicting criteria of cost and customer service. This textbook presents two approaches to evaluate the performance of service systems – Multiple Criteria Decision Making and Data Envelopment Analysis. The textbook then discusses several topics in service systems engineering and management – supply chain optimization, warehousing and distribution, modern portfolio theory, revenue management, retail engineering, health systems engineering and financial services.




Simulation and optimization of service system for restaurant


Wang Huan; Shi Yu-Qiang


Abstract:

Service system is analyzed, optimized and evaluated by discrete event system simulation method and classical Industrial Engineering. By analyzing element of system, process, layout and related data, simulation model of some restaurant's services system is build, and by Em-plant simulation software, bottle-neck problems of services system is found. Then improved project of services system is presented by Industrial Engineering method. In the end, result of improvement is evaluated by simulation method. The research showed that services system can be effectively optimized by combining simulation method with IE method.

Published in: 2011 IEEE 18th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management



Ud. 27.3.2026
Pub. 8.11.2023






at No comments:

Aims and Objectives of Industrial Engineering - Prof F. F. Groseclose 1949

1949
November 22, 1949
F. F. Groseclose, Director
School of Industrial Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia

The successful Industrial Engineer must possess special interests and abilities in the analysis of the human, technical, and cost problems of modern manufacturing.

The Aims and Objectives of the Curriculum in Industrial Engineering

The aims and objectives of the curriculum in Industrial Engineering are to furnish young men  prepared for the field and/or job as outlined below:

The increasing magnitude and complexity of modern industrial plants has demanded the development of a branch of engineering widely recognized as Industrial Engineering.

The field of the Industrial Engineer is that of the process and production expert engaged in planning, organizing, improving, managing, and operating various processes for production manufactured products of all kinds and varieties.

New problems have arisen and new techniques have been developed during recent years which are peculiar to and characteristic of Industrial Engineering. These include the analysis of a proposed product with regard to the possible steps and sequences of operations involved in its manufacture, a selection of the most efficient machines to perform these operations, the layout of the plant and shops to provide for the flow of the product from one machine to another, organization of the material supply, avoidance or elimination of bottlenecks, together with the related problems of quality and cost control, testing, inspection, and personnel relations.

Industrial Engineering coordinates men, materials, machines, and methods so as to solve problems met in the conversion, transformation, and fabrication of raw materials into the products of industry. The successfully Industrial Engineer must possess special interests and abilities in the analysis of the human, technical, and cost problems of modern manufacturing. In addition, he must possess the personality and attributes of character which will enable him to work with and direct others in the planning and operation of manufacturing enterprises.

The Job of the Industrial Engineer

What Do Industrial Engineers Do? 

The Industrial (also called management of administrative) Engineer makes surveys of how industrial plants or businesses are organized and operated, and on the basis of such studies, he prepares recommendations to executives for changes in the way things are made or in the set-up of money in the conduct of business.

To carry out this work, he makes use of his knowledge of the principles of business organization and administration, engineering, economics, industrial psychology, statistics, accounting, and marketing. He may examine and observe new equipment and how men work, make time and motion studies, study production records and products, or talk with management and production personnel. He tries to obtain a comprehensive view of any plant or business activity such as: planning and scheduling of production; production methods, standards equipment, cost records, and control; how materials and goods are received, packed, and shipped; the hiring, training, and management of personnel; wage payment system, relation of unions to management; the system for purchasing materials and supplies; the advertising and distribution of products; and the manner in which the business is to be established. Many Industrial Engineers, especially consultants with long training and experience, are qualified to survey and advise on all phases of a business or industrial organization. Most of them work in a particular industry, such as an electric utility or a chemical process industry, and deal with a particular broad phase of industrial engineering work, for example, plant design and construction, plant production, sales and marketing, purchasing, personnel and labor relations, wage systems, finances, or traffic management.

Who Should or Should Not Take Up Industrial Engineering? The Industrial Engineer combines the aptitudes of a mechanical engineer, accountant, and business executive. He should have an aptitude for studying such college subjects as engineering, calculus, statistics, economics, and business administration. He should have an interest in all kinds of jobs and in the machines and men who manufacture goods; he should have the ability to spot a problem in getting something made, gather all the related facts about processes and costs, stick to the facts in working out a solution, and present his conclusions or ideas in clear, concise English to business executives. He should be able to visualize in three dimensions in order to develop plans for the layout of equipment or for the successive steps in getting work done.

F. F. Groseclose, Director
School of Industrial Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
November 22, 1949

April 2026 Issue of Modern Industrial Engineering - Focus on Product Industrial Engineering - Value Engineering - DFMA - Design to Cost - Target Costing - Design for Value - Lean Product Development


Ud. 27.3.2026
Pub. 4.12.2018



Read on 27.3.2026




at No comments:

Industrial Engineering in Electronics Engineering


Ubiquity of Industrial Engineering Principle - Industrial Engineering is applicable to all branches of engineering.

In each branch of engineering the following three areas of industrial engineering are to be applied to increase productivity and reduce unit cost of output.


April 2026 Issue of Modern Industrial Engineering - Focus on Product Industrial Engineering - Value Engineering - DFMA - Design to Cost - Target Costing - Design for Value - Lean Product Development


2026


2025

Interesting Article
Value Engineering in ICT Projects (Information and Communication Technology)

Value Engineering in Electronic Product Development


Industrial Engineering in Electronics

We list the key productivity challenges facing the electronics sector.

Manufacturing Optimization for the Electronics Industry: How to Accelerate Product Development and Drive Engineering Efficiency with Instrumental Inc. on AWS
by Arun Santharam and Anna-Katrina Shedletsky on 30 MAY 2023

PCB DESIGN BEST PRACTICES
Engineering productivity and efficiency
Optimize engineering productivity and efficiency to reduce design cycle time, reduce cost and lower risks.


Boost Design Productivity with Altair's Electronics Solutions

2023


PCB design best practices pillar 2: engineering productivity and efficiency
February 9, 2023 

Help us to Reduce Your Cost of Electronics Manufacturing.

Electronic component procurement cost reduction program
Short Description:
In today’s electronics industry, companies face a common challenge. The main task is to reduce manufacturing costs without sacrificing product quality. Indeed, creating profitable products in our digital age is by no means an easy task. The only way to mitigate the difficulties is to delve into the specific steps of the process and use proven strategies to reduce overall costs.

All you need to do is send us your BOM and you will receive.

Free analysis highlighting immediate savings opportunities.

Timely alerts on high quality, fully traceable buying opportunities from our OEM and EMS partners. Average savings of about 30%.

The Future of Sustainable Electronics Manufacturing.
The report concentrates on the fundamental building blocks of electronics - printed circuit boards (PCBs) and integrated circuits (ICs).


Cost Reduction in Electronics Design

2021

Microelectronics Process Engineering at San Jose State University: A Manufacturing-oriented Interdisciplinary Degree Program
EMILY ALLEN, STACY GLEIXNER, GREG YOUNG, DAVID PARENT, YASSER DESSOUKY
San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, 95192, USA. E-mail: elallen    at sjsu dot edu
LINDA VANASUPA
Department of Materials Engineering, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
Int. J. Engineering Education. Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 519-525, 2002


25.12.2020

Tools and Combination Tools Electronics Assembly

Jigs and Fixtures - Electronics Assembly

Cost Reduction - Electronics Product

PCB Design and Manufacturing Productivity - Product and Process Industrial Engineering

PCB Assembly - Method Study - Process Industrial Engineering Exercises

SMT Machine - Production Line - Machine Work Study - Machine Productivity Improvement

T/R Module - Transmitter - Receiver Module - Cost Reduction

MMIC Technology - Cost Estimation and Reduction - Industrial Engineering - Articles and Cases

Bharat Electronics Limited
_____________________

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lt9DMtU0p_c
_____________________




1-1-1979
Multiple criterion optimization of electronic circuits
M Lightner
Carnegie Mellon University
Stephen W. Director
http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1054&context=ece

The two input MOSFET NAND gate used as an example.  The first step in designing the NAND gate is to choose a model for the transistors. We chose a four terminal model that includes the effect of substrate
bias. This model and its defining equations are presented. There are many possible sets of designable parameters that could be used in designing the NAND gate, for example, the lengths and widths
of all the devices as well as the flat band voltages of the devices. We choose the flat band voltage, V _ , the
Ftf width of the bottom two transistors, W2~, (constrained to be the same) and the width of transistor T^ V^, as the designable parameters.


Digital Circuit Optimization via Geometric Programming
http://www.stanford.edu/~boyd/papers/gp_digital_ckt.html

OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
2006 paper
E.J.W. TER MATEN, T.G.A. HEIJMEN
NXP Semiconductors, Research, DMS - Physical Design Methods,
Hich Tech Campus 48, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands

C. LIN and A. EL GUENNOUNI
Magma Design Automation,
TUE Campus, Den Dolech 2, Dommel Building Z-Wing 8, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
http://www.win.tue.nl/analysis/reports/rana06-39.pdf







Optimization of Components and Products - Topics to be covered

Chip design optimization 
Optimization of Systems
Chip production


Productivity of Human Factor
Safety and Health of Employees


Assembly of electronic products




McKinsey  Cananda - 2006
http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/Canada/Our_Work/~/media/Images/Page_Images/Offices/Canada/Reinventing_Canadas_electronics_manufacturing_sector.ashx



Cost Management in Electronics

Manufacturing Cost Modeling - Electronics Assembly Example
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=E6_vlcVXiMIC&pg=PA317#v=onepage&q&f=false
(In Information-Based Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Industrial Applications
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=E6_vlcVXiMIC)

New Technology


A Printed Circuit Board Inspection System With Defect Classification Capability

Published:
August 15, 2013
Author:
I. Ibrahim, S. Bakar, M. Mokji, J. Mukred, Z. Yusof, Z. Ibrahim, K. Khalil, M. Mohamad
https://www.smtnet.com/library/files/upload/PCB-Inspection-System-With-Defect-Detection-Cpability.pdf

An Up-To-Date Bibliography on Electronics Manufacturing Technology


Electronics Manufacturing Technical Article Library Online







Updated on  27.4.2026,  1.9.2025, 27 March 2023,  7 Nov 2021,  25 December 2020
First published on 20 Oct 2013
at 2 comments:

System Engineering - Systems Engineering - Bibliography

Foundations of Systems Engineering

https://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Systems_Engineering

 

March 2026

Narayana Rao KVSS

Professor (Retired), NITIE - Now IIM Mumbai - Offering FREE IE ONLINE Course Notes

What is the role of industrial engineering in systems engineering? Can you give some important issues.


Answer by Leon McGinnis

Professor Emeritus at Georgia Tech, Industrial and Systems Engneering

Jan 1975 - Present · 51 yrs 3 mos

--

Perhaps a better question is: What is the role of systems engineering in industrial engineering? Industrial engineers often are involved in the design or improvement of large systems such as distribution centers, factories, supply chains, health care systems, etc. These all typically involve multiple disciplines (mechanical, electrical, civil engineering; architecture; controls; robotics; etc), exhibit multiple interacting subsystems, have multiple stakeholders often with conflicting objectives, have lengthy design/build cycles, have long lives, and are very expensive. In other words, they are large, expensive, long-lived artifacts that must operate effectively under changing conditions. An excellent target for adding systems engineering methods and tools to the IE's toolbox.

https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7253861949694709761


Very good content. - SEH 2.0 Fundamentals of Systems Engineering

Encyclopedia

Updated Feb 6, 2019

https://www.nasa.gov/reference/2-0-fundamentals-of-systems-engineering/


https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002012487

System engineering; an introduction to the design of large-scale systems

[by] Harry H. Goode [and] Robert E. Machol.

Published: New York, McGraw-Hill, 1957.

Physical Description: 551 p. illus. 24 cm.

Full view available


Financial engineering;


Main Author: Goldman, Otto Berger.

Language(s): English

Published: New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.] 1923.

Edition: 2d ed.

Subjects: Engineering

Physical Description: x, 325 p. incl. tables, diagrs. 23 cm.

https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001511865


Industrial Engineering search results - interesting

http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Industrial%20engineering&c=x

Previous Title: Industrial engineering

Language(s): English

Published: New York.

Note: v. 3-6: Engineering digest.

v. 1-2 have title: Technical literature.

https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008616632




https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433069057721&view=1up&seq=96    The page is titled industrial engineering


Gilbreth

1907

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433069057721&view=1up&seq=188&q1=gilbreth

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433069057721&view=1up&seq=339&q1=gilbreth

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433069057721&view=1up&seq=361&q1=gilbreth


Ud. 27.3.2026,  17.7.2025

Pub. 23.6.2021


at No comments: