Friday, May 29, 2020

Machine Alternatives for Increasing Productivity - Process Industrial Engineering


2018
Comparison of Manufacturing Data Analysis For 5 & 3-Axis Vertical Machining Center for the Time and Tool Benefits of Industries
International Journal of Engineering & Technology
Vol 7, No 4.5 (2018)
https://www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/ijet/article/view/20044

2017
https://www.ctemag.com/news/articles/shop-considers-investing-5-axis-machining

https://saginawindustries.com/5-axis-cnc-machining/

Benfits of full simultaneous five-axis Variaxis i-700 vertical machining center and later an Integrex i-400S multitasking machine, both from Mazak Corp. (Florence, KY).
January 6, 2017
https://www.sme.org/technologies/articles/2017/january/shop-shrinks-setup-times-from-days-to-minutes/


9 Axis Multitasking Machining
The 9 axis Multitasking machines are the ultimate machine tools. Manufactured parts come off the machine directly to shipping containers. This vastly increases the quality and consistency in complex parts as there are no manual loading operations involved. End result: higher quality machining of components and parts for the customer.
https://www.evden.com/9-axis-cnc-machining

33699 Productivity and Industrial Engineering in Bicycle Manufacturing


16 March 2020
https://www.engineering.com/AdvancedManufacturing/ArticleID/20000/Lean-Manufacturing-in-Practice.aspx


carbon fiber frame

Came across case by Technosoft by value engineering using carbon fiber frame.

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=U_MsDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77

https://cyclingtips.com/2018/01/how-carbon-fibre-bicycle-frames-are-made/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318596814_Design_and_manufacturing_of_a_hybrid_flaxcarbon_fiber_composite_bicycle_frame

https://www.theproscloset.com/blogs/news/frame-material-carbon-vs-aluminum






2013

Atlas Cycles(Haryana)Ltd., Sonepat

The company is one of the biggest Bicycle manufacturing units producing most of the components under one roof. It has got a vast Press Shop, Machine Shop, Brazing Shop, Welding Shop, Heat treatment Plant, Paint Shop, Electroplating Plant and Assembly Shop spread over in a campus of 28 acres.

 The manufacturing facilities are supported by a modern tool room

Research & Development Department provides components and tool drawings designed with the support of CAD.  Necessary press tools, fixtures, jigs, special tools, templates and gauges are manufactured on high precision machine tools, like jig boring machine, spark erosion machine etc., in tool room. All the tools and gauges pass through Tools Inspection to ensure its precision and accuracy.

Gauge Control Cell of QA ensures timely calibration of all production gauges and measuring equipment used throughout the factory.

QA has got state of art Mechanical Laboratory having Tensile Testing Machine of different ranges upto 10 Tons, Optical Profile Projector, Spring Testing machine, Vickers Hardness Testers, Rockwell Hardness Testers, GSM Tester, Bursting Strength Tester, Cupping Value Tester, Rubber Abrasion Tester along with Special Testing Equipment for Handle, Pedal, Fork, Frame, Rim, Crank etc.

Chemical Laboratory of QA is equipped with paint test apparatus, carbon sulphur tester, hull cell apparatus, flash point apparatus, Kinetic viscosity bath, nickel - chrome plating tester, micro test for zinc and paint thickness testing, UV tester and Salt spray testing apparatus to provide assistance to receiving inspection, pretreatment plant, electroplating plant, paint shop etc.

The Integration of Research & Development, Tool Room, Manufacturing and QA activities has resulted in high and consistent quality level of the company products enhancing customer satisfaction.
http://www.atlascyclesonepat.com/story_details.htm


Trek Bicycles


Productivity Gain in Production of Brompton Hinge
2007


The Brompton hinge is the biggest change on the bike for 15 years, and technically one of the most challenging ever. Brompton finally placed an order for a Haas VF-1 40-taper vertical machining centre.
Before the arrival of the Haas, all of Brompton’s hinges were manufactured on a machine tool designed and built inhouse.  “The bespoke machine is fairly inflexible. So it was decided to replace it. However, the problem wasn’t finding a machine to do the job, it was finding a solution to the technical aspects of the project, such as the workholding, methodology and the ergonomics. It seemed there were a million ways of making the components, and they needed  the most efficient and cost-effective. Haas UK set about designing a method for clamping the cast-iron hinge, including a solution that would be able to compensate for the irregularities of the cast faces.

The solution is based on a Haas QuikCube multi-fixture system, where a hinge casting is loaded using an innovative locating/aligning mechanism. This is repeated four times – on the four faces of the cube – and the whole QuikCube is loaded on the VF-1. The rotary table and right-angle heads on the VF-1 mean that the hinges are completed in a single setup – four at a time – something that Brompton was never able to achieve previously. Tolerances are ± 0.05 mm on critical dimensions. The Haas VF-1 improved efficiency, reduced cost base and increased productivity by 20 percent with the same workforce. It also provided better accuracy  and flexibility to make different types of hinges. The cube can handle new parts. So just load the news parts and press the Cycle Start button for making different designs of hinges.

The operator has found programming the Haas as easy as riding a bike. Quoting the training operation as a “real success,” the operator is regularly shaving time from machining cycles. Important time savings are being realized and the Haas VF-1 will process 45,000 hinges required in a year with plenty of capacity for more.
http://atyourservice.haascnc.com/success_stories/haas-machining-center-bicycle-parts/


DIY Bamboo Cycle Workshop
http://www.bikerumor.com/2013/12/06/factory-tour-hero-bikes-diy-bamboo-bicycle-workshops-semester-carbonboo-campaign/


Crisil ratings commentary on Bicycle industry in India
China Number one
India Number two
cost reduction is critical
2003
http://crisil.com/Ratings/Commentary/CommentaryDocs/cycle-ind0103.pdf

2003
Bicyle materials - case study
http://depts.washington.edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Bicycle/Bicycle%20Materials%20Case%20Study.htm



Bicycle Manufacturing Process

2014
3D Printing of Cycle frame
http://www.industrial-lasers.com/articles/print/volume-29/issue-3/departments/updates/first-metal-3d-printed-bicycle-frame-manufactured.html  UK based companies

2012

Fatigue life improvement of Aluminum frame of a bicycle
http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042612-124752/unrestricted/Material_and_Design_Optimization_for_an_Aluminum_Bike_Frame.pdf


http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Bicycle.html

http://www.greenlinebicycles.com/manufacturingprocess.php - In pictures

How a bicycle was made in 1945 - Video
http://www.solidsmack.com/design/the-complicated-manufacturing-process-behind-a-simple-bicycle/


India


India is the second largest producer of bicycles,  next  to china. It Produces around 1.26 crore bicycles every year. More than 90 per cent of the bicycle production in India comes from four bicycle companies,  Hero Cycles 35%, Atlas Cycles 24%, TI Cycles 18% and Avon 15%. Hero Cycles has grown to become the world’s largest bicycle maker.
http://www.niir.org/projects/projects/bicycle-bicycle-industry-bicycle-parts-bicycle-assembling-tyres-tubes-bicycle-components-spares-bicycle-accessories/z,,6c,0,64/   The link contains projects reports on various bicycle components.



Company Related Information

Brompton

How Brompton is steering the future of electric bicycles
28 May 2020 by The Manufacturer
https://www.themanufacturer.com/articles/how-brompton-is-steering-the-future-of-electric-bicycles/


http://www.manufacturing-today-europe.com/2017/01/11/brompton-bicycle-2/

Prototypes of Brompton
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/introducing-engineering/content-section-2

https://www.clevercycles.com/blogs/news-and-events/how-a-brompton-frame-is-made/



Trek Cycles




Google search for bibliography

2014 -2019

ENERGY AUDITING OF BICYCLE MANUFACTURING ...
pdfs.semanticscholar.org › ...PDF
Dec 15, 2016 - productivity via monitoring an organized environment. It also provides ... He is one of the early pioneer in bicycle industry took Avon cycle to new heights. Location ... i.e. its use, operation Associate in wherever an energy loss is going down.
by B Jain - ‎2016 - ‎Related articles

(PDF) The Electric Bicycle: Worldwide Research Trendswww.researchgate.net › publication › 326556421_The_El...
Dec 23, 2019 - and dedicated themselves to the motorcycle industry, and in the shadows of this development ... electric bicycle, the evolution of scientific production can be studied in ... point of view; i.e., electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, ...


improving working conditions and productivity in - ILO
www.ilo.org › instructionalmaterial › wcms_228220PDF
Apr 15, 2016 - productivity measurement in the garment industry are explained, and you will ... teaching them the correct lifting technique, i.e. keep the back straight and raise ... port - such as motorcycles or bicycles - it may be possible to secure cheap bank ...

Bicycles - Bike News Online
www.bikenews.online › download › 2016_Autumn
PDF
Aug 26, 2016 - industry will face a strong new competitor. The European bicycle industry is trying hard to increase bicycle production within the EU, with supply chain flexibility ...
Missing: ie ‎| Must include: ie

Productivity in the Asia-Pacific_Past, Present, and Future-2015
www.apo-tokyo.org › wp-content › uploads › sites › Pr...
PDF
Jul 15, 2015 - Industries & Production, Government of Pakistan; honorary APO Liaison ... giving emphasis to labor, i.e., awareness of ... upgrade the bicycle industry in ROC.

Management of the Design and Construction of ... - Digital WPI
digitalcommons.wpi.edu › cgi › viewcontentPDF
Apr 27, 2015 - to create a sustainable model of the bamboo bicycle industry. ... elements of the process such as logistics (i.e. shipping and receiving), production stages or.
by AL Gritsko - ‎2015 - ‎Related articles

Strategic Cost Measurement for Flexible Manufacturing Systemswww.sciencedirect.com › science › article › pii › pdf
Apr 24, 2016 - production;. i.e. it provides a high number of ... its productivity over manual, stand-alone machines; provide higher and ... aerospace industries, the increase in flexibility of the ... Baldwin. Bicycle, a manufacturer of bicycles receives an offer.
by RS Sriram - ‎1991 - ‎Cited by 27 - ‎Related articles

atlas cycles(haryana) pvt. ltd. - SlideShare
www.slideshare.net › TANMOYCHAKRABORTY6 › at...
Jan 17, 2015 - Fig 1.1(a) The Indian bicycle market comprises of 2 segments namely standards ... Greater demand, higher production and ever-expanding markets made Atlas a ... Table 2.2.1(a) Once the respective tubes (i.e. bottom, seat, head, top, seat ...

Lasers for Productivity - PES Media
www.pesmedia.com › wp-content › uploads › 2018/03
PDF
Mar 9, 2018 - revolutionising manufacturing productivity and functionality in industries as varied as ... laser industry leaders, the team has engaged with the UK industrial laser ... (Source: Renishaw). Figure 23: Bike frame with 3D laser printed joints (Source: Renishaw) ... on investment (ROI) i.e. for a given investment how soon will the ...

IBEF Presentataion
www.ibef.org › download › Punjab-February-2018
PDF
Feb 15, 2018 - Punjab has emerged as a key hub for textile-based industries including yarn, readymade garments & hosiery. ... chain, i.e., from the raw material stage to the finished products ... production and 76.9% of bicycle parts production in India. The.

Demand Forces of Technical Change Evidence from ... - UZH
www.zora.uzh.ch › eprint › econwp277
PDF
Jan 18, 2018 - market for consumer durables stimulates productivity-enhancing investments by ... i.e. for electric fans, refrigerators, air conditioners and cars. ”Bicycles” is the ...
by A Beerli - ‎2018 - ‎Cited by 6 - ‎Related articles

An Analysis of Labor and Multifactor Productivity in Air ...www.bts.dot.gov › archive › research_papers › entire
May 20, 2017 - The present analysis uses annual industry data on labor productivity and MFP in ... growth is attributed to increases in productivity of the inputs—i.e., multi-factor ...
by AD APOSTOLIDES - ‎Related articles

application of quality control tools in a bicycle industry ... - IJRETijret.org › volumes › IJRET20160507020
PDF
May 7, 2016 - A case study has been conducted in a bicycle industry in ... Quality, productivity and cost of operation ... major causes of rejection i.e. seal ring pore, latex coating.

Six-sigma application in tire-manufacturing company: a case ...
link.springer.com › article
Sep 20, 2017 - In the beginning, solid rubber tires were used mostly for bicycles and ... cause or this can be happened due to lack of centering of process mean (i.e., ... Bhatt H (2013) Production scheduling improvements in an automotive sector company.
by V Gupta - ‎2018 - ‎Cited by 14 - ‎Related articles

Taiwan's Bicycle Industry A-Teamlean.thu.edu.tw › wp-content › uploads › 2018/11 › Ta...
PDF
Nov 8, 2018 - transform the organization of production in Taiwan, Taiwan's bicycle industry has ... can see products that are not just modular, but also have open interfaces (i.e. ...
by RJ Liu - ‎Cited by 5 - ‎Related articles

Overall Bike Effectiveness as a Sustainability Metric for ... - MDPIwww.mdpi.com › pdf
PDF
Nov 14, 2017 - the issues of bike availability while the bike performance, i.e., life cycle issues and its sustainability, ... describe the productivity in the BSS, it sometimes fails to measure the ... aerospace industry [34] and to analyze equipment's reliability [35].
by BN Yahya - ‎2017 - ‎Cited by 13 - ‎Related articles

Outsourcing and offshoring decision making: International ...www.tandfonline.com › doi › full
Jul 20, 2019 - Further, the outsourcing and offshoring global industry operates a unique ... 'contracting out an activity to a foreign vendor' (i.e. 'international outsourcing') and ... Driven by this gap, this special issue of the International Journal of Production ... on Offshore Outsourcing and Backshoring: A Case Study in the Bicycle Industry.
by A Ishizaka - ‎2019 - ‎Cited by 1 - ‎Related articles

(PDF) Mass customization: Implementing the emerging ...www.academia.edu › Mass_customization_Implementing...
Mar 10, 2017 - Therefore, he and his co-authors that changes in management practices (i.e., job (1993) conclude ... Mass production versus mass customization Mass production Mass ... To The Japanese bicycle industry gain market share, manufacturers ...

Atlas Cycles (Haryana) Directors Report - The Economic Timeseconomictimes.indiatimes.com › Markets › Stocks
Jul 5, 2019 - MGT-9 as required under sub-section (3) of section 92 of Companies Act, 2013 ... During the period under consideration your Company exported bicycles and bicycle ... 2018 stood at Rs. 3,25,19,190/- i.e. 65,03,838 Equity Shares of Rs. 5/- Each. ... Considering the production figures, Sonepat Unit performance has fallen ...

Only Capitalism can Solve the London Housing Crisiswww.patrikschumacher.com › Texts
Apr 26, 2018 - We should be experiencing an urban Renaissance as crucial productivity boosting ... productivity enhancing urban concentration process is slowed down, i.e. ... The explanation is that the housing market, in contrast to the bicycle market, ...

ABS Chief Economist - Enhancing measures of non-market ...www.abs.gov.au › websitedbs › D3310114.nsf › home
Dec 18, 2019 - For instance, imagine that comparing the market prices of cars and bicycles tells us that ... ancillary staff, as well as materials and supplies that are used up in production. ... The indexes will be chain linked at each stage of the compilation, i.e., ...

The Mobility-Productivity Paradox - Victoria Transport Policy ...www.vtpi.org › ITED_paradox
PDF
Mar 12, 2014 - bicycle access, and therefore public transit access since most transit trips include ... Changes in these transport costs can affect those industries' productivity. ... and public transit service quality can increase transport efficiency (i.e., reduce.
by T Litman - ‎2014 - ‎Cited by 4 - ‎Related articles

How to Make Operations Decisions in the MikesBikes ...www.smartsims.com › simulation-hints-tips › operation...
Jul 29, 2018 - For example, the standard Mountain bike requires 0.5 SCU to produce one bike. ... Wastage, the more of your Factory Capacity will be available for production. ... for some of the market segments in your industry (see Market Information report).
Missing: ie ‎| Must include: ie

Marty Mannering - Goeco Highnelly specialist bikes Irelandie.linkedin.com › ...
Sep 4, 2015 - The company's core product range is top end electric and folding bicycles and special needs ... the company lease restored vintage bicycles to period drama production companies. ... Company Website: https://www.highnelly.ie/ External link.
Ireland - ‎Goeco Highnelly specialist bikes Ireland

Parcel delivery The future of last mile - McKinseywww.mckinsey.com › media › mckinsey › industries
PDF
Sep 9, 2016 - costs): AGVs with parcel lockers, drones, and bike couriers. ... with high drop factors (i.e., the number of parcels dropped per stop/recipient) and often special ... of attention in the formerly business-oriented parcel delivery market. ... closely with our McKinsey Design-to-Value Lab to better understand production costs of new ...

Sector Analysis – Rubber & Tyre Industry in India | Tech4Planetwww.tech4planet.com › Case Studies
Aug 29, 2019 - Raw materials cost is 63% of industry turnover and 72% of production cost. ... Unorganized Sector is small and consists mainly of bicycle tyres while ... Rubber (NR) principal raw material of Tyre Industry, is in the 'Negative List` (i.e. not eligible ...

The Bicycle Problem That Nearly Broke Mathematics ...www.scientificamerican.com › article › the-bicycle-pro...
Jul 20, 2016 - Jim Papadopoulos spent a whole academic year at Oregon before starting at MIT. He did not write to bike companies asking for work until the 1990s. His time at ...
Missing: productivity ‎ie

Cost Reduction through Learning in Manufacturing Industries ...19january2017snapshot.epa.gov › sites › files › documentsPDF
Nov 28, 2016 - production volume progression (i.e., after a specified number of years of production it was assumed that ... Performance: Analysis of the U. S. Bicycle Industry.

Countercyclical Labor Productivity: The Spanish Anomaly - UBwww.ub.edu › irea › working_papers
PDF
Jun 8, 2017 - crucial influence of labor market institutions over the cyclical pattern ... input is referred to the concept of capital services (i. e., the hypothetical rental value.
by B Jalón - ‎Cited by 1 - ‎Related articles
Missing: bicycle ‎| Must include: bicycle

Incentivizing E-bikes in Canada - House of Commonswww.ourcommons.ca › FINA › Brief › br-external › C...
PDF
May 17, 2019 - 3.2 Estimated current value of Canadian e-bike market ... Federation) Cargo bike defined as a bicycle meant for carrying goods or more than one person (ie. a Bakfiets ... cost effective methods for reducing GHG emissions, worker productivity, ...

How to Increase Retail Sales per Square Foot and Improve ...www.vendhq.com › Home › Customer Experience
Jun 25, 2018 - ... square foot is an important metric for measuring store performance and productivity. ... Generate reports for certain time periods (i.e., monthly, weekly, hourly), ... has a sales per square foot of $1,560 (the highest in the apparel industry) and ... Fitness & supplements POS · Carwash POS · Non-profit POS · Bike shop POS ...

BIKE PLAN 2015 - 2020 - City of Joondalupwww.joondalup.wa.gov.au › files › councilmeetings
PDF
Nov 28, 2015 - Local businesses i.e. cafes and bike shops can also benefit from increased numbers of customers who ... policy for a productive, sustainable and liveable future.

Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs) - Infineon Technologieswww.infineon.com › dgdl › Infineon-Application_broc...
PDF
Apr 3, 2019 - cycles (i.e. pedelecs), low speed electric cars, e-forklifts, ... with SMD packaging improve productive capabilities by ... The share of e-bikes of the total bicycle market has become substantial – and is expected to rise up to 30-40% in many.

OM Forum—Benchmarking Global Production Sourcing ...fishmandavidson.wharton.upenn.edu › 2018/09 › mso...
PDF
Sep 11, 2018 - Results: Companies are currently restructuring their global production footprints. ... business environment (i.e., potential modification of ... the bicycle industry.
by MA Cohen - ‎2018 - ‎Cited by 12 - ‎Related articles

Industrial Development Report 2018 - UNIDOwww.unido.org › sites › default › files › filesPDF
Dec 1, 2017 - countries. 57 2.13 Manufacturing sector increases labour productivity faster and prices slowly ... Bicycle. Colour television. Microwave oven. Motorcycle. Passenger car ... IE. W. “Global demand can be a powerful source of income generation.

Draft All-Terrain Vehicle (Quad Bike) Regulations ©hsa.ieconsultation.hsa.ie › Public-Consultations › 2019-ATV
Nov 29, 2019 - Draft All-Terrain Vehicle (Quad Bike) Regulations. The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 places an obligation on the Health and Safety Authority to ...

Annexes - AEGIS Europewww.aegiseurope.eu › AEGIS-EUROPE-ON-WTO-RE...
PDF
Mar 15, 2019 - producers, bicycle manufacturers, ceramic industry, container glass, domestic glass, rope, twine & netting ... such as the production of semi- fabricated products of aluminium. ... over the 2013-17 period, depending on how financial support (i.e..

INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERINGwww.annauniv.edu › IQAC › NAAC_2019_AU_2.3.2
PDF
Jul 30, 2019 - The output of the two industries is 300 and 200 respectively per shift of 8 hours. (a) What is the productivity of each per shift of 8 hours? (b) What is the production ...

Actuate Business Consulting private limited|Beneficiariesactuatebusiness.com › beneficiaries
Jun 28, 2016 - Engineering Industries, Process Industries, Metal & Mining Sector, ... from an existing plant for Bicycle Tubes in 6 months · Productivity raised by 30% resulting ... raised Production by 15% with 20% lesser rework for an AC plant in 6 months · IE ...

OECD Economic Surveys: India 2017 - OECD.orgwww.oecd.org › eco › INDIA-2017-OECD-economic-s...
Feb 1, 2017 - low-productivity agricultural sector and small/unorganised activities to the more ... curb benami transactions (i.e. properties purchased in the name of others) ...

Revisionary Test Paper _ June 2018 - ICmaiicmai.in › Syllabus2016 › RTP › June18 › Paper15
PDF
Jun 15, 2018 - (ii) Which of the following is not suitable for a JIT production system? A. Batch production ... (g) Life Cycle Budgeting: Life cycle Budgeting, i.e., Life cycle costing with target ... with market-driven management for designing and manufacturing products that ... HRO Cycles Ltd has 2 divisions, A and B which manufacture bicycle.

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), 1997 ...www.census.gov › Business & Industry › NAICS
Nov 14, 2019 - Secondly, there are production process similarities among the support activity ... and; Operating floating casinos (i.e., gambling cruises)--are classified in Industry ... a metropolitan or single urban area, may use bicycle, foot, small truck, or van.

3.2 Shifts in Demand and Supply for Goods and Services ...opentextbc.ca › principlesofeconomics › chapter › 3-2-...
Feb 7, 2014 - Instead, a shift in a demand curve captures an pattern for the market as a whole. ... So, when costs of production fall, a firm will tend to supply a larger quantity at ... Table 6 shows information on the demand and supply for bicycles, where the ...

Strategy: Porter's Five Forces (with in-depth example Uber)innovationtactics.com › porter-five-forces
Mar 18, 2018 - Manufacturers can face switching costs for upgrades of their productive assets ... Many competitors of similar size in the industry (i.e. level of fragmentation / low ... Bike sharing can become a better option in cities that are growing fast and traffic ...

TRANSFORMING ENERGY PRODUCTIVITY IN ...a2se.org.au › files › pdf
PDF
Jul 15, 2018 - increase energy productivity in the manufacturing sector through: • Enhancing ... That is why A2EP's focus on improving energy productivity i.e. increasing total production value created as well ... (just like in a bicycle pump). In the condenser ...

Problems compendium iehomepage.lnu.se › staff › ebape › courses
PDF
Mar 19, 2016 - Which country has an absolute advantage in the production of bicycles? c. ... If PM > PA, in which industry is the marginal product of labour higher? e. Assume ...

new orleans bike share feasibility study & business planwww.norpc.org › pdf-documents › studies-and-plans › N...PDF
Dec 15, 2014 - Bike share productivity in select systems (trips per bike per day in 2012) . ... system build out and at maturity (i.e., when the system is broadly accepted and well ... Evolution of bike share: The transportation industry, like all modern industries, ...

Manufacturing relocation through offshoring and backshoring ...www.emerald.com › ... › Volume 29 Issue 4
Jun 4, 2018 - In particular, extent, geographies, type of production, drivers, and benefits of moving ... However, as a high-wage country, having a small home market, Sweden has ... The reverse holds for labour intensity, i.e. that offshoring is significantly more ... in the bicycle industry”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol.
by M Johansson - ‎2018 - ‎Cited by 24 - ‎Related articles

Uber, Airbnb and consequences of the sharing economy ...journalistsresource.org › studies › economics › business
Oct 22, 2014 - That report defines this sector through the four following characteristics: ... and is instead based on the shared production or consumption of goods and services. ... and unconsumption (i.e., postconsumption activities such as upcycling, reuse, recycling, ... Keywords: research roundup, technology, public bicycle, ride-sharing, ...

Enabling circular strategies with different types of ... - DTU Orbitorbit.dtu.dk › files › MARAC_1_s2.0_S22128271183050...
Jul 5, 2018 - resource productivity in the business models' dimensions. ... the cases that involved PSS approaches (i.e. 9 companies) were selected from the database (Table 1) ... create an account online or directly on the bike's tablet and log into a bike on ...
by M de Pádua Pieronia - ‎2018 - ‎Cited by 6 - ‎Related articles

Lecture No. 6: History of Product and Production System: With ...ocw.u-tokyo.ac.jp › notes › BusinessAdministration1_06
PDF
Jun 6, 2015 - Through the machine tool industry as an intermediary, the ... Transmit technologies on production and products from bicycles and horse carts. ... In form of "IE".

Towards a plurality of global value chain architectures: What ...blogs.lse.ac.uk › gild › 2018/08/14 › towards-a-pluralit...
Aug 14, 2018 - However, the professional bicycle sector provides an interesting example of how ... Most of these firms started outsourcing production offshore fifteen years ago when ... Even in cases where product development is 'process-embedded' (i.e. ...

Exploring the evolution of mass production (1765-2018) from ...documents.manchester.ac.uk › display
PDF
Dec 29, 2017 - refinements (e.g. sheet steel stamping in bicycle industry) the American System ... production for agriculture, i.e. agricultural vehicles and the application of fossil ...

Productivity measurement of commercial banks in Malaysia ...www.inderscienceonline.com › abs › GBER.2019.101865
Apr 16, 2019 - In the banking sector, productivity has been considered essential to the ... is employed when incorporating undesirable output, i.e., non-performing loan.
by NA Ramli - ‎2019 - ‎Related articles

The 12 most important metrics to measure in manufacturingblog.matthews.com.au › the-12-most-important-metrics...
Nov 11, 2015 - An analysis of efficiency and productivity, OEE is globally recognised as a best practice measure and key performance indicator in a range of industries. ... measure the percentage of bad quality materials coming in, i.e. “supplier defect rate”.

From waste to resource productivity: evidence and case studiesassets.publishing.service.gov.uk › attachment_data › filePDF
Mar 15, 2016 - a range of experts and interested parties – in academia, industry, ... bicycles, and electrical goods66, 67. Third sector ... of the types and quantities of waste that need to be managed (ie the feedstocks) and the range of options for managing the ...

Application of Blockchain Technology in the Manufacturing ...medium.com › application-of-blockchain-technology-i...
Nov 18, 2017 - Blockchain use cases in various industries — which might also be transferred to the ... faced with the shift towards a market of prosumers with decentral production. ... Current blockchains have trouble with scalability and latency (i.e. verification ...

measuring the productivity impacts of energy efficiency ... - eTDwww.etd.ceu.edu › chatterjee_souranPDF
Aug 15, 2018 - 3.1.2 Energy efficiency measure in building sector- improved HVAC with ... measures in the year 2030 if energy efficiency measures are taken i.e. efficient ... a person shifting from motorised to non-motorized mode, such as cycling would ...
by S CHATTERJEE - ‎2018 - ‎Related articles

informal sector and peripheral capitalism: a critique of a ... - Jstorwww.jstor.org › stable
Sep 8, 2015 - studies which combined the problem of unemployment (i.e. the non- absorption of the ... intensity and labour productivity, the informal sector is characterized ... such as bicycles and later on automobiles and agricultural equipment with the ...
by E Senghaas-Knobloch - ‎1977 - ‎Cited by 18 - ‎Related articles

The social benefits of infrastructure investment - CECAwww.ceca.co.uk › publication › the-social-benefits-of-i...
PDF
Dec 4, 2018 - therefore be overlooked, i.e. not because they are any less ... infrastructure sector since my apprenticeship over. 30 years ago. ... This generates productivity-enhancing agglomeration economies, which can be broadly ... prompted them to start cycling in London and 17 per cent of members state that they have increased.

Multifactor CES General Equilibrium: Models and Applicationsarxiv.org › pdf
PDF
Jan 10, 2017 - also discover that the industry specific productivity growth can be measured via the intercept of ... of productivity i.e., ∆ ln z, where ∆ represents temporally dis- tant differences. ... Bicycles and parts and misc. transportation equipment. 1.860 ***.
by J Kim - ‎2016 - ‎Cited by 6 - ‎Related articles

Productivity Trends in the Canadian Transport Sector: An ...www.csls.ca › reports › csls2016-04
PDF
Apr 4, 2016 - 2014 in the transportation and warehousing sector, labour productivity grew ... level comparisons are often done in current dollars (i.e., using nominal output), as these ... construction of bike paths and walking paths that link residential areas to ...
by F McKellips - ‎2016 - ‎Cited by 4 - ‎Related articles

10 Predictions on the Future of 3D Printing [Expert Roundup ...amfg.ai › 2019/08/21
Aug 21, 2019 - The industry continues to move towards industrialisation, and the technology is increasingly ... 3D printing will become a mainstream technology for serial production ... “Quality control, i.e. understanding the quality requirements and being able to validate ... of its composite 3D printing technology to manufacture bike frames.

Careers | Slackslack.com › careers
May 12, 2015 - and more productive — for everyone. View Careers Looking for internships? ... Solidarity. Illustration of three people riding on a tandem bicycle with a dog in the front basket ... Sr. Customer Success Manager (Public Sector). Washington, DC ...

The Indian Tyre Industry, Key Players & The Road Aheadwww.alphainvesco.com › blog › understanding-the-ind...
Oct 23, 2018 - Indian Tyre Industry is a 59500 cr market & top 3 players command ~60% revenue share. ... T&B tyres in India generates the major revenue i.e. 55% of total revenue whereas globally ... OEM tyre demand is directly related to auto production.

Updated on 29 May 2020


Thursday, May 28, 2020

Taylor - Machining Productivity Improvement - Part V

HOW TO MAKE AND RECORD EXPERIMENTS ART OF EXPERIMENTING


DEFINED AS DETERMINING EFFECT OF VARYING ONE ELEMENT WHILE ALL OTHERS ARE HELD CONSTANT

210 In paragraph 55 (Part 1) we have broadly defined the art of experimenting on this subject as an attempt to hold uniform and constant all of the elements which affect the final results under investigation except the one variable which is being studied, while this one is systematically changed and its effect upon the problem carefully noted.

211 It is the necessity of holding these variables constant which makes all these experiments so difficult, causes the apparatus and forgings tested to be so large and expensive, and consumes perhaps four-fifths of the time of the experimenter. Time and again in our work it has required days and sometimes weeks to prepare for an experiment which, after we have succeeded in obtaining uniformity in all the elements, has been made in a few days or hours.

212 A description of how to maintain uniform conditions is then virtually a description of the art of experimenting on cutting metals. The writer will, therefore, begin by explaining in detail the precautions which must be taken to secure this uniformity.

THE METAL WHICH IS TO BE CUT

213 In determining the effect which any one of the more important elements has upon the cutting speed,—such, for instance, as the effect of the feed or thickness of shaving upon the speed,-—it is necessary to make many standard cuts of 20 minutes’ duration in succession for each thickness of shaving, in order to find the exact speed at which the tool will be ruined at the end of 20 minutes, as described in paragraph 137. For this reason the information required for each thickness of shaving may cause hundreds of pounds of metal to be cut up into chips; and since in determining the law many different thicknesses of shaving must be experimented with‘, and the metal cut must be of uniform hardness, in order to obtain accurate results not only a. large experimental forging is called for, but the metal throughout the forging must be as nearly as possible uniform.

214 We have finally adopted as the standard size of forging best suited for experiments apiece about 10 feet long by 24 inches in diameter and weighing about 15,000 pounds. For this purpose we prefer  forging made from a large ingot cast from a carefully melted heat of open hearth steel, and forged with a large reduction in the diameter so as to obtain as nearly as practicable uniform working of the metal throughout from the outside to the central portions of the forging. This forging in all cases requires thorough annealing,and in some cases an oil hardening previous to the annealing. Before using it, experimental standard tensile test bars should be cut from each end of the forging and broken so as to prove the uniformity of the metal, and, if necessary, the metal should be re-treated by tempering and annealing until it has been demonstrated through breaking a sufficient number of test specimens to be uniform.

215 Masses of cast iron upon which tools are to be tested should in all cases have their central portion cored out, so that the metal will be cooled from the center outward as well as from the outside inward, thus producing an annular ring of cast iron from three to four inches thick; which, if sufficient precautions are taken to insure regular cooling,will be comparatively uniform throughout. We have used annular masses of cast iron, made in this manner, of 24-inch diameter with 12- inch cores, 12 feet long; of 15-inch diameter, 10-inch cores, 8 feet long; of 13-inch diameter, 7 feet long; of 13-inch diameter, 9-inch cores, 10 feet long. On the whole, we have obtained the most uniform results from a casting of 24~inch diameter, 16-inch core, and 10 feet long, walls of casting having a maximum thickness of 4 inches poured on end. We have found the central portion of the annular rings which were 6 inches in thickness to be very materially softer than the outer or inner portions of the ring. It has proved to be much more difficult to obtain sufficiently large and uniform masses of cast iron than of steel.

216 A large diameter is called for in both forgings and castings, not only for the sake of obtaining a large quantity of uniform metal, but also to avoid as far as possible the effect of chatter upon the tool, caused by the deflection of the work; and the writer wishes to emphasize the necessity for large masses of metal if the experimenter hopes for trustworthy results.




Industrial Engineering Research Papers - Classified Collection



WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING?

Engineering to improve productivity based on productivity science. Communicated and implemented through people using productivity management.

A broad definition of Industrial Engineering is engineering based on industry based data collected during the operations. This data is primarily related to costs and customer feedback.

Engineering includes execution and industrial engineers have to execute or help managers in executing. Therefore, industrial engineers have managerial responsibilities most of the time as staff assistance and sometimes as direct managers when they are leaders of process change implementation teams.



Principles of Industrial Engineering - Taylor - Narayana Rao

___________________


___________________


Functions of Industrial Engineering

___________________

___________________


Focus Areas of Industrial Engineering


1. Productivity Science - Science related to Industrial Engineering
2. Product Industrial Engineering
3. Process Industrial Engineering
4. Industrial Engineering Economic Analysis
5. Industrial Engineering Optimization
6. Industrial Engineering Statistics 
7. Human Effort Industrial Engineering
8. Industrial Engineering Measurements
9. Productivity Management - Managing IE Projects and IE Department
10. Applied Industrial Engineering

Applied Industrial Engineering Research



3D Printing - Industrial Engineering Research - Additive Manufacturing Industrial Engineering - Productivity Science and Engineering






PGDIE NITIE 2012 Research Paper Summaries

The links are to be changed from .in to .com as blogger discontinued the practice of .in domain names.

Role of Industrial Engineering



R.No. 34
Managing the IE (Industrial Engineering) Mindset: An investigation of Toyota’s practical thinking shared among employees
http://harshbudholiya.blogspot.com/2012/08/industrial-engineering.html

R. No. 37


An Analysis of The Function of Industrial Engineering in Equipment
Manufacturing Industry
http://hiteshsawai037.blogspot.com/2012/08/industrial-engineering-research-paper.html

R.No.72
Applications and Development of Industrial Engineering in China
http://rahulie.blogspot.com/p/applications-and-development-of.html


R.No. 76
Summary of “Technology's impact on the future of industrial engineering”
http://raunakgoyalie.blogspot.com/2012/08/research-paper-on-industrial-engineering.html


R.NO. 80
IMPACT OF IT ON INDUSTRIAL ENGG
http://sachinjaynt3.blogspot.com/2012/08/blog-post.html



Roll No -82
Relation between operation management and industrial engineering
http://sachinoncampus.blogspot.com/2012/08/relation-between-operation-management.html


R.No. 87
Technology Impact On Future Of Industrial   Engineering
http://shankarbellana.blogspot.com/2012/08/assignment-of-ie-research-paper-on.html

94
THINKING ABOUT THE APPLICATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
http://shrutirastogiie.blogspot.com/2012/08/thinking-about-application-and.html

Roll No. 99
An Analysis of The Function of Industrial Engineering in Equipment Manufacturing Industry
http://industrialenggtools.blogspot.com/2012/08/national-institute-of-industrial.html


Roll No: 102
The Industrial Engineer as Organizational Leader:
An Assessment of Contemporary Industrial Engineering Skills
http://venkatakarthik.blogspot.com/2012/08/research-paper-on-ie.html


Roll. No. 109
Technology's Impact on Future of IE
http://ashwanikrverma.blogspot.com/2012/08/ie-research-paper.html


R. No. 117
Paper Title: Technology's Impact on the Future of Industrial Engineering
http://robinjain09.blogspot.com/2012/08/papertitle-technologysimpact-on-future.html



IE Pioneers


R.No.10

APPLYING SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES TO
RAILROAD REPAIR SHOP
http://anikethpattnaik.blogspot.com/2012/08/industrial-engineering-research-paper.html
Source:   paper  comes from  Carl  Graves, "Scientific  Management and the  Santa Fe  Shopmen of  Topeka,  Kansas, 1900-1915,"  Ph.D diss.,  Harvard  University,  1980

Human Effort Engineering


Ergonomics


R.No. 6
Applying Ergonomics to Systems: Some documented ‘‘lessons learned’’
http://akshatsisodiaie1.blogspot.com/2012/08/ie-research-paper.html  The link is not working

R.No. 12
Ergonomics Design Measures in Manual Assembly Work
http://hybridturbines.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-ergonomics.html

R.No. 17
Applied Ergonomics
http://anurag-ie.blogspot.in/2012/08/applied-ergonomics.html

R.No. 19
New methodological framework to improve productivity and ergonomics in assembly system design
http://ashishmodiie.blogspot.in/2012/08/new-methodological-framework-to-improve.html


Roll no 21

Effect of Boot Weight and Sole Flexibility on Ergonomics of a Fire Fighter
http://chandannitie.blogspot.in/2012/08/effect-of-boot-weight-and-sole.html


R.No. 22
Posture in industry
http://chetanrahateie.blogspot.in/2012/08/posture-in-industry-references.html



Roll No: 30
Asbestos exposure from gaskets during disassembly of a medium duty diesel engine
http://ganeshie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/asbestos-exposure-from-gaskets-during.html


R.No. 35

The promotion of ergonomics in industrially developing countries
http://harshchandak.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering.html


R.No,. 38
Environmental ergonomics: a review of principles, methods and models
http://jayantpatware.blogspot.in/2012/08/research-paper-on-environmental.html

R.No. 39
ERGONOMICS AND THE SEDENTARIAN
http://jeetu-ie.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-tuesday-7-august.html

R.No. 40
Ergonomic decision-making: A conceptual framework for experienced practitioners from backgrounds in industrial engineering and physical therapy
http://kaushalsahu-nitie.blogspot.in/2012/08/national-institute-ofindustrial.html

R.No.42
Ergonomics and the Observer XT
Observer XT is a software for data recording
http://pankajmohli56.blogspot.in/2012/08/ergonomics-and-observer-xt.html

R.No.43
ERGONOMICS AND ITS IMPACT ON BUSSINESS TRENDS AND WORK ORGANIZATION
http://doleylokhinathpgdie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/doley-no_10.html

Roll No. : 48
"Combined effects of acoustic and visual distraction on cognitive performance and well-being"
Link not given properly.


R. No. 52
Ergonomics: Implications on Computer End-users
http://nitietechno.blogspot.in/2012/08/ergonomics-implications-oncomputer-end.html

Ergonomics


R.No. 63
Title: A case study evaluating the ergonomic and productivity impacts of partial automation strategies in the electronics industry
http://pramodie42.blogspot.in/2012/09/industrial-engineering-research-paper.html


R.No. 67
The Future of Ergonomic Office Seating
http://pratikpgdie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-research-paper.html

R.No.68
The Importance of Ergonomic Input Devices in the Workplace
http://pratikd-nitie-ie.blogspot.in/2012/08/summary-of-research-paper-on-ie.html

R.No. 69
Inventory of Tools for Ergonomic Evaluation
http://praveenrathore69.blogspot.in/2012/08/inventory-of-tools-for-ergonomic.html


Roll no-74
Topic: - Influence of psychosocial stress and personality type on the biomechanical loading of neck and shoulder muscles
http://nraoiekc.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-research-paper_8.html


Roll No 75
HELPING ENGINEERS TO ANALYSE AND INFLUENCE THE HUMAN FACTORS IN ACCIDENTS AT WORK
http://ratikakapoor.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-research-paper.html


R.No. 77
Ergonomic interventions for the furniture manufacturing industry
http://ravilakrapgdie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/ergonomic-interventions-for-furniture.html

R.No.78
Integration of Ergonomics into Engineering
http://reenu-nitie-ie.blogspot.in/2012/08/summary-of-research-on-integration-of.html


R.No. 81
Title: Ergonomic solutions for an aging workforce
http://sachinkheveriaiepaper.blogspot.in/2012/08/national-institute-of-industrial_7160.html


Roll No. 84
Investigating Ergonomics Awareness Among
University Students


Roll No.- 86
Understanding the link between psychosocial work stressors and work-related musculoskeletal complaints
http://ssmie.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-research-paper-summary_15.html



R.No. 88
Effects of Design on Ergonomics
http://sarveshie.blogspot.in/2012/08/effects-of-design-on-ergonomics.html

R.No. 91
Industrial Workstation design
http://shenbagamoorthyie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-research-paper.html



Roll No. 96
Ergonomics:Tips for Computer Vision Syndrome Relief and Prevention
http://snehaldw.blogspot.in/2012/08/reasearch-paper-ie-concept-ergonomics.html


R.No. 97
Ergonomic Design of Forklift
http://srajanshrivastava26.blogspot.in/2012/09/industrial-engineering-reseach-paper.html


R.No. 110
Ergonomics for the experienced
http://ieharshal.blogspot.in/2012/08/ergonomics-for-experienced.html

R.No. 114
Major Health Risk Factors prevailing in Garment Manufacturing Units of Jaipur.
http://ieresearchp.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-research-paper.html

R.No. 118
The IEA contribution to the transition of Ergonomics from research to practice
http://jitendranayak118.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-enginerring-reasearch-paper.html


Roll No-124
FUNDAMENTALS OF ERGONOMICS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
http://ie-pgdie42-sectionb.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-research-paper-study.html

R.No.125

Ergonomic decision-making: A conceptual framework for experienced practitioners
http://sudhapgdie.blogspot.in/2012/08/ergonomics-decision-making.html

Work Measurement


R.No.9
A Survey of Work Measurement Techniques
http://anandpgdie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/work-measurement-technique.html


R.No. 20
RTM - Robot Time and Motion
A comparison of MTM and RTM
http://ashishtomarnitie.blogspot.in/2012/08/a-comparison-of-mtm-and-rtm.html

R.No.44

Using the time and motion method to study clinical work processes and workflow:methodological inconsistencies and a call for standardized research
http://mamtasahare.blogspot.in/2012/08/engineering-research-paper-summary_10.html



Job Evaluation and Wage Incentives


R. No. 49

A Method for Developing A Truly Effective Construction Wage Rate
http://naveenyadav49.blogspot.in/2012/08/a-method-for-developing-truly-effective.html

System Efficiency Engineering



Engineering Economics and  Accounting

R. No. 46
Cost Measurement and Analysis-A Necessary Part of Industrial Engineering Education & Training
http://meenakshi-ie.blogspot.com/2012/08/cost-measurement-and-analysis.html


JIT Systems/ Lean Systems


R.No. 1
Impact of just-in-time (JIT) inventory system on efficiency,quality and flexibility among manufacturing sector, small and medium enterprise (SMEs) in South Africa
http://aakancharaj.blogspot.com/2012/08/impact-of-just-in-time-jit-inventory.html

R.No. 11
Method of assessing JIT Implementation
http://anirbanlahirinitie.blogspot.com/2012/08/ie-research-paper-assignment.html

R.No. 16
A lean route to manufacturing survival
http://ankurkumar-ie.blogspot.com/2012/08/a-lean-route-to-manufacturing-survival.html



Roll No: 27
Managing lean manufacturing in material handling operations
http://dkupa1991.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-paper-managing.html

R.No. 58
“Lean Manufacturing Optimisation of Automotive Motor Compartment System”

http://kiranpa58.wordpress.com/2012/08/11/topic-lean-manufacturing-optimization/



Operations Research


R.No. 5
Efficient Utilization of Employees in the Garment Industry using Operations Research
http://abhishekkumar05-ie.blogspot.in/2012/08/efficient-utilization-of-employees-in.html

R.No. 13


BOUNDING APPROACHES FOR OPERATION ASSIGNMENT AND CAPACITY ALLOCATION PROBLEM IN FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
http://ankitindustrialengineering.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-assignment.html


R.No.53
Optimization of cutting in primary wood transformation in industries
http://ie42ieassignmentrollno03androllno53.blogspot.in/2012/08/research-paper-summary-ie-title-opt-i-m.html

Roll No 64
A Mathematical Programming Model for Flow Shop Scheduling Problems for Considering Just in Time Production
http://pkm64pgdie42niitie.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-enginnering-assignment.html

R.No. 79
A Multi-Period Inventory Model to Incorporate with  Inventory Age, Accounting Principle, and Product Structure: A Case Study in a Make-to-Stock  Semiconductor Integrated Device Manufacturer
http://rupeshchauhanie.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-reserch-paper.html



Roll No-115
Optimization of cutting in primary wood transformation industries
http://lokanathtripathy.blogspot.in/2012/08/summary-of-research-paper-on-ie.html



Process Industrial Engineering - Methods Efficiency Engineering


Optimization of roughing operations in CNC machining for rapid manufacturing processes
Muhammed Nafis Osman Zahid,Keith Case &Darren Watts
Pages 519-529 | Received 18 Nov 2013, Accepted 21 Jun 2014, Published online: 21 Jul 2014
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21693277.2014.938277

R.No. 83
BEYOND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
http://sagarbhore.blogspot.in/2012/08/beyond-industrial-engineering-r.html

R.No. 85

MODULAR  VEHICLE  PRODUCTION METHOD  FOR
IMPROVED EFFICIENCY, QUALITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
http://sakshiguptaindustrialengineering.blogspot.com/2012/08/ie-research-paper.html


Roll no: 112
AN IMPACT TIME MOTION STUDY ON SMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISE ORGANIZATION
http://ratnakarreddyk.blogspot.in/2012/08/time-and-motion-study.html


R.No. 116

BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING: A CONSOLIDATED
METHODOLOGY
http://harshadapophali.blogspot.in/2012/08/business-process-reengineering.html


Poka-Yokes
R.No. 100
Universal design of workplaces through the use of Poka-Yokes: Case study and implications
http://vaishali-ie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-research-paper-assignment.html

SMED

R. No. 60

Reduction in Setup Time by SMED A Literature Review
http://poonam-ie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/reduction-in-s-e-t-u-p-t-i-m-e-by-sm-e.html

R.No. 61


Reduction in Setup Time By SMED
http://prachi-ie-42.blogspot.in/2012/08/reduction-in-setup-time-by-smed-journal.html


Facilities/Layout Efficiency Improvement


Roll No 123
Improving factory layout under a mixed floor and overhead material handling condition
http://rahulsarda123-ie-assignment.blogspot.in/p/research-paper-on-industrial-engineering.html


JIT/Lean Manufacturing



ROLL NO-104
Quality Measurement in Lean Manufacturing
http://vikasyadavie.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-research-paper-in-quality-measurment.html


ROLL NO - 108
Lean manufacturing : context, practice bundles, and performance
http://nitie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-research-paper.html


Roll no. 111
Lean Production & Industrial Engineering Applied in China
http://robocon2012.webs.com/apps/blog/show/18070756-ie-research-paper-summary



R.No. 113
The Limits of Lean Management Thinking:
Multiple retailers and food and farming supply chains
http://sudhanshu91.blogspot.in/2012/08/the-limits-of-lean-management-thinking.html



R.No. 120
Relationships between implementation of TQM, JIT, and TPM and manufacturing performance

http://bhaskarpuggal13.blogspot.in/2012/08/title-relationshipsbetween.html



R.No. 121
Title : Looking beyond the obvious: Unraveling the Toyota production system
http://industrialengineeringnitie.blogspot.in/2012/08/summary-of-looking-beyond-obvious.html



Statistics


R. No. 50
Leveraging Six Sigma with industrial engineering tools in crateless retort production
http://nilanjanchaudhuri-nitie.blogspot.in/2012/08/managing-lean-manufacturing-in-material.html

R.No. 57
Innovation in management system by Six Sigma An empirical study of world-class companies
http://parush42.blogspot.in/2012/08/innovation-in-management-system-by-six.html

R.NO. 62
Impact of Six Sigma in a developing economy: analysis on benefits drawn by Indian industries
http://pradeepddubey.blogspot.in/2012/08/summary-of-research-paper-on-ie-six.html

Review of Six Sigma Approach: Methodology,
Implementation and Future Research
http://shubhamgarg310.blogspot.in/2012/08/a-summary-of-review-of-six-sigma.html

Roll No: 126
An Integrated approach to process control
http://pkvedula-ie.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-research-paper-study.html


Value Engineering


R.No.2
Use of Value Analysis Technique for Cost Reduction in Production Industry – A Case Study
http://abhinavjaiswal-ie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/value-engineering.html


R.No. 25
Value Engineering - A Mathematical Programming Approach
http://debashish-ie.blogspot.in/2012/08/value-engineering-mathematical.html

R.No. 54
How to Cut Costs with Value Analysis
http://omkarvv.blogspot.in/2012/08/how-to-cut-cost-with-value-analysis.html

Roll no 9O
APPLIED VALUE ENGG.
http://shantanumishraa.blogspot.in/2012/08/value-engineering-application.html


Quality Control and Management
R.No. 47
Quality Control in the process of rings of train wheel manufacturing
http://mohitdung.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-project-related-research-paper.html

Safety Engineering and Management
R.No. 3
Improvement of the Reliability of Automatic Manufacture Systems by Using FTA Technique
http://ie42ieassignmentroll03.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-article-review-ipv6-tunneling-over.html

Sustainability


R.No.14
http://ankita-ie.blogspot.in/2012/08/international-journal-of-sustainability.html


Roll No 26
Examining green production and its role within the competitive strategy of manufacturers
http://deepikasharma25.blogspot.in/2012/08/green-production.html

R.No. 51
Examining green production and its role within the competitive strategy of manufacturers.
http://nilesh-ie.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-research-paper-examining-green.html

R.No. (98)
The Emerging Roles of Industrial Engineers in Preventing Pollution and Creating a Sustainable Environment
http://sumeet-industrial-engineering-2012.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-concepts-research-paper-summary.html

R.No. 103
A SYNOPSIS OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING METHODS UTILIZED IN DESIGNING FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

http://vikassakre5.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-research-paper.html




Material Efficiency

R.No. 24
Design for Inventory Management in Health Care using smart RFID
http://ie-summary.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-research-paper-summary.html

R. No. 33

CURRENT PRACTICES IN RETAIL INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
http://gauravpgdie.blogspot.com/2012/08/industrial-engineering-research-paper.html



Equipment Efficiency

Energy Efficiency

Information Efficiency

Other Resources Efficiency


IE and Other Disciplines


Manufacturing Systems


R.No. 65
Excellent Techniques of Manufacturing Systems: RMS and FMS
http://pranjal-dew42.blogspot.in/2012/08/ie-paper-summary.html

R. No. 66
Seven Wastes of  Manufacturing
http://prasenjithojai.blogspot.in/2012/08/seven-wastes-ofmanufacturing-by-prof.html

R.No. 73

“A robust multi-objective production planning”
http://rajdeepdas1986.blogspot.in/2012/08/asummary-of-robust-multi-objective.html

R.No.89
Make to Order Manufacturing in Indian Context: A Case Based Study
http://satyaswarup12.blogspot.in/2012/08/make-to-order-manufacturing-in-indian.html




Information Systems


Roll No: 70
The cost of poor quality data
http://priyamvid.blogspot.in/2012/08/the-costs-of-poor-data-quality.html



Roll No: 105
Topic: The Adaptation of Test-Driven Software Processes to Industrial Automation Engineering
http://bhondekaryb.blogspot.in/2012/08/national-institute-of-industrial_13.html


Supply chain

R.No. 107
Total Quality Management in Supply Chain
http://srajanvyas5.blogspot.in/2012/08/total-quality-management-in-supply-chain.html



Roll no. 119
Research on the Lean Six Sigma Supplier Recovery Management
http://rubyshah.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-research-paper.html

R.No. 8
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING &TQM
http://aliakberindustrialengineering3.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering-by-ali-akber.html


R. No, 18

An Overview of Operations Management and its Relations with
Industrial Engineering
http://ashishchaurasia-ie42.blogspot.in/2012/08/national-institute-ofindustrial.html


R.No. 23

Research on the Organizational Model and Human Resource Management  
 Based on Advanced Manufacturing Technology

http://chhaviameta.blogspot.in/2012/08/industrial-engineering.html

R. No. 36


“THE ROLE OF THERBLIGS IN AUTOMATED DESIGN PROCESS MAPPING”
http://hemanthnitie.blogspot.in/2012/08/research-paper-on-industrial.html

R.No. 59


An approach to identify issues affecting ERP implementation in Indian SMEs
http://ie-pgdie42-pawankushwah.blogspot.in/2012/08/summary-of-reasearch-paper-on-erp.html


INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH PAPERS COLLECTIONS 



Taylor - Narayana Rao Principles of Industrial Engineering

Productivity Drivers - Productivity Analysis - Productivity Science

Productivity Science - Research Project - Causal Explanation for Productivity

3D Printing - Industrial Engineering Research - Additive Manufacturing Industrial Engineering - Productivity Science and Engineering

Current Research in Industrial Engineering (IE)

Knowledge Worker Productivity - Productivity Science

Industrial Engineering - Research Themes and Research Papers

Value Engineering - Research - Dissertations and Papers

India - Productivity Management Thesis

Research and Development Papers on Toyota Production System

Cost Reduction Research - An Important Research Category

Historical Analysis of Cost Reduction - An IE Research Avenue




2016 - Productivity Research - Information and Important Points - Part 1

Research Papers - Industrial Engineering - 2012 Collection


2000 - 2009 Productivity Science - Research & Development to Increase Productivity - Research Papers and Related News - Since 2000

21st Century Productivity Research and Development Agenda - Productivity Science, Engineering and Management

1990 - 1999 Productivity Science - Research & Development to Increase Productivity - Research Papers and Related News

Total Efficiency Framework - Industrial Engineering Research and Development Project in Sustainability Movement



Industrial Engineering Research Paper Summaries - Project of Section A - PGDIE 2012

Industrial Engineering Research Paper Summary Project - Section B - 2012


Updated on 29 May 2020
21 March 2019

Warehouse Productivity - Efficiency Improvement



2018
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Productivity Improvement and  Warehouse Optimization Techniques

   



Industrial Engineered Labor Standards

Industrial engineering has human effort engineering component. It consists of motion studies and design incorporating research of ergonomics and work measurement.

According to industrial engineering principles, the output of individual operators in a group can differ by 100%. Also, in a non incentive fixed payment system, operators work at 67% of the industrial engineering standard output.  That means the average worker produces output at only 67% of the standard. So a warehouse or DC operating without a formal labor management program that includes labor standards and incentives operates at about 65-70% of its potential output. This means that by adopting labor standards and payment systems that compensate workers for their productivity compared workers in other establishments, warehouses can improve  labor productivity by 30-35%, without burdening workers.

Motion Studies

While the mere act of measuring workers has proven to increase performance, the real productivity gains come from getting everyone doing the right tasks the right way. For example, if you have 100 workers in your DC, you will have 100 different ways in which the workers will do their jobs, if you have not specified particular methods. What are the chances that every one of them is the most efficient? The answer is ZERO. Motion study attempts to record the way motions are performed to do various tasks in the warehouse, and evaluates them to find out best practices of the operators. Then the best practices can be specified as standard methods. Apart from that motion studies can assess even the best practice in terms of certain principles of motion economy. When there is a need they improve the present best practice further. Thus motion studies improve productivity.

Motion study based job design and the development of standards is not necessarily something a warehouse management system will do for you. System-directed work from the system can accomplish the "right tasks" part, but getting everyone to do their tasks the "right way" is more complicated. It requires good motion design, and creating fair and accurate labor standards to measure the workers against these methods.

Man-Machine Task Improvement

Motion study has its focus on the motions performed by a worker. But is he doing task with proper tools, machines or equipments and machine movements?. Operation analysis and process improvement methods of industrial engineering contribute in eliminating waste in man-machine tasks.

By using experienced industrial engineers to study your jobs, equipment, and environment, the single most efficient method for completing each job and task can be determined. This critical steps of developing preferred methods, motions and engineered standards, along with proper training and change management, provides a quantum jump in productivity in companies.

Assigning Right Tasks to Reduce Time Taken to do Multiple Tasks

 Task interleaving:
Once you know how long it should take to complete each task based on preferred methods and engineered standards, you can leverage this information in a number of ways to improve labor productivity and utilization. System-directed task interleaving, also known as dynamic task management, is an automated function that allots tasks to workers by optimizing total time taken. Workers waste time if they have to travel back and forth from a central location to pick up their next assignment. By utilizing task interleaving, workers are directed to their next task from the location where they completed the present task,  based on priorities, proximity and their qualifications. With system-directed work, workers receive their next assignment on their mobile devices as soon as the previous task is completed, eliminating wasted travel. For example, a forklift driver replenishing an item in racks might be directed to pick a nearby pallet and take it to a loading dock or return a stack of empty pallets to a palletizer as the next task.

Also, by intelligently grouping picks into "batches" modern warehouse management solutions can significantly increase picking efficiency by enabling workers to pick multiple orders at the same time. This reduces travel and order fulfillment times.

Slotting


In warehousing, slotting is the intelligent positioning of merchandise for the purpose of optimizing order fulfillment efficacy. Slotting involves identifying the most efficient placement for each item in a distribution center or warehouse.

If the inventory in your DC has any degree of seasonality, if you support weekly/monthly campaigns for promotional item fulfillment, or if you have a fair amount of new SKU introductions into your facility, you could benefit substantially from placing them in forward racks or pick areas. Proper slotting of high velocity SKUs can significantly reduce pick travel time as well as minimize pick-line congestion, thus making pickers much more productive.

Slotting tasks can be handled  by the warehouse management solution, such that any re-slotting is minimum and decisions related to reslotting are also taken in an optimal way.                    

MAKING THE SYSTEMS WORK FOR YOU

No one process or system will single-handedly maximize your productivity.

Could your DC layout better facilitate your current and future operations? Do you have industrial engineers trained in developing preferred methods and engineered standards? Who will handle the critical change management process?


Warehouse Industrial Engineering - Warehouse Efficiency Improvement - Bibliography


Updated on 29 May 2020, 24 October 2016




   



Machine Work Study - Machine Tool - Metal Cutting - Taylor - Part 4



ACTION OF TOOL AND ITS WEAR IN CUTTING METALS THE ACTION OF THE NOSE OF THE TOOL

153 On Folder 8, Figs. 42, 43 and 44, is illustrated in enlarged views the action of a tool in cutting a chip or shaving from a forging at its proper normal cutting speed. It may be said in the case of all “roughing cuts ” that the chip is torn away from the forging rather than removed by the action which we term cutting. The familiar action of cutting, as exemplified by an axe or knife removing a chip from a piece of wood, for instance, consists in forcing a sharp wedge (i.e., one whose two flanks form an acute angle) into the substance to be cut. Both flanks of the wedge press constantly upon the wood, one flank bearing against the main body of the piece, while the other forces or wedges the chip or shaving away.

154 While a metal cutting tool looks like a wedge, its cutting edge being formed by the intersection of the “ lip surface” and “clearance surface” or flank of the tool, its action is far different from that of the wedge. Only one surface of a metal cutting tool, the lip surface, ever presses against the metal. The clearance surface, as its name implies, is never allowed to touch the forging. Thus “cutting” with a metal cutting tool consists in pressing, tearing or shearing the metal away with the lip surface of the “ wedge” only under pressure, while in the case of the axe and other kinds of cutting, both wedge surfaces are constantly under pressure.

155 After the cut has once been started, and the full thickness of the shaving is being removed, the action of the tool may be described as that of tearing the chip away from the body of the forging and then shearing it up into separate sections; the portion of the chip which has just been torn away, and which is still pressing upon the lip surface of the tool, acting as a lever by which the following portion of the chip is torn away from the main body of the metal.

156 It may be of interest to analyze to a certain extent the nature of the forces to which a chip and the forging from which it is being removed are subjected through the tearing action of the tool. The enlarged view of the chip, tool and forging, shown in Folder 8, Fig. 42, represents with fair accuracy the relative proportions which the shaving cut from a forging of mild steel (say, 60,000 lbs. tensile strength and 33% stretch) finally assumes with relation to the original thickness of the layer of metal which the tool is about to remove. It is, of course, impossible to accurately determine the extent to which various parts of the chip and forging close to the tool are under compression and tension, but in general the theory advanced is believed to be correct.

157 Referring to Folder 8, Fig. 42, the forging being cut and the nose of the tool which is removing the chip are shown on an enlarged scale. The thickness of the layer of metal about to be removed is indicated by L between the dotted line and the full line which represents the outside of the forging. It will be observed that the chip is in process of being torn apart and broken up into three sections: Section 1, which is adjoining the forging; section 2, which comes next to it, and in which rupture or cleavage has started and proceeded a a little way up from the bottom of the chip and on the left hand side, the shearing action having progressed as far as T,; section 3, in which shearing has progressed about two-thirds of the way to the top of the chip and is taking place at T,. Section 4 has been entirely sheared from its adjoining section, and has already left the lip surface of the tool.

158 On examination of the proportions of the chip it will be noticed that the width of the sections into which the chip breaks up is at their base about double the thickness of the original layer of metal which is to be removed, and that their upper portions are not enlarged to the same extent. These sections are about three times as high as the original thickness of the layer of the metal to be removed.

It should be clearly understood that the dimensions of the section of the chip will vary with each hardness of metal which is being cut, and also to a certain extent with the side and back slopes of the lip surface of the tool. The harder the metal of the forging, the less will each section into which the chip has been broken up be found to be enlarged. In other words, if the same shaped tool be used in each case the chip from soft metal enlarges or distorts very much more than the corresponding chip from hard steel. This will be referred to in paragraph 506, in explaining the reason why the total pressure on the tool has but little relation on the one hand to the cutting speed, and on the other hand to the hardness of the metal which is being cut.

159 The chip bears on the surface of the forging, say, from point H to point G, and throughout this distance is under constant compression from the lip surface of the tool. This compression is transmitted through each of the sections 1 and 2 of the chip, in the direction indicated by the small arrows, to the upper portions of these sections, which are still unbroken and act like a lever attached to the upper part of section 1 to tear‘ section 1 away from the body of the forging, as indicated at point T,. The tearing away of section 1 is also assisted by the pressure of the tool upon its lower surface.


160 After this tearing action has started, the further breaking of the chip into independent sections would seem to be that of simple shearing. It should be borne in mind that in shearing a thick piece of steel the whole piece is not shorn or cut apart at the same instant, but the line at which rupture or cleavage takes place progresses from one surface of the piece down through the metal until within a short distance from the other surface, when the whole remaining section rather suddenly gives way.

161 In shearing steel, the metal at the point of rupture is pulled apart under a tensile strain, although on each side of the shearing line the metal is under heavy compression.

162 As each of the sections of the chip successively comes in contact with the lip of the tool, its lower surface is crushed, and the metal flows and spreads out laterally until it becomes about twice its original thickness. As in all shearing, when the full capacity for flowing of the metal has been reached, it tears apart under tensile strain from the body of the adjoining metal of the forging. The compression on the chip from the tool still continues, however, and the chips continue to flow and spread out sideways at a part higher up; i. e., farther away from the surface of the tool, at the portions marked F. In the same way shearing continually takes place at the left side of the portion of the chip which is flowing or spreading out sideways.

163 There is no question that shearing takes place constantly along the left hand edges of two of the sections of the chip at the same time, and it is probable that this action occurs most of the time along three lines of cleavage. See paragraph 167.

164. Dr. Nicolson’s dynamometer experiments show that the pressure of the chip on the tool in cutting a chip of uniform section varies with wavelike regularity, and that the smallest pressure of the chip is not less than two-thirds of the greatest pressure. From this it is evident that shearing must be taking place along at least two lines of cleavage at the same time; since if each of the sections into which the chip is divided were completely broken off before the tool began to break off the following section, it is evident that there would be times when there was almost no pressure from the chip on the tool.

165 It is at first difficult to see how it is possible for the chip to be shearing at two or three places at the same time. It should be noted, however, that above the points T1, T2, T3, the metal of the chip is still a solid part of the forging, and moves down at the same speed as the forging in a single mass, or body, toward the lip surface of the tool; and with sufficient force to cause each of the three sections of the chip to flow or spread out at the same time at the parts indicated by the three letters F. According to the laws which govern shearing, rupture or cleavage in each case must take place as soon as the maximum possibility for flowing has been reached, and in each case shearing must occur at the left of the zone where the metal is flowing.

166 It is probable that after the shearing action has progressed in section 3 to about the point indicated by Ta, that the whole of this section gives way or shears with a rather sudden yielding of the metal from T, , to the upper surface of the chip. It is this rather sudden shearing point which undoubtedly causes the wavelike diminution in the pressure of the chip indicated in Dr. Nicolson’s experiments, referred to in paragraph 316.

167 By suddenly stopping one of our standard tools when cutting at full speed, we have clearly seen this shearing action taking place at two sections of the chip at the same time, and rupture had not completely taken place at the extreme upper part of the third section. In making an observation of this kind great care must be taken before stopping the lathe to be sure that in the tool to be observed there is not the slightest tendency to chatter, and the lathe driving parts should be massive in proportion to the sized cut being taken, as other-wise the elasticity left in the driving shafts causes an abnormal action of the tool at the instant the work stops, and produces a chip, of thicker section than the normal, which is completely severed from the body of the metal.

168 While the proportions of the chip and the section into which it is broken are fairly true representations of fact, yet it must be borne in mind that the lines illustrating the strains to which the chips are submitted, as well as the progress made in the shearing of the chip, are merely submitted as illustrating a theory advanced by us to explain the facts. We are, however, more or less suspicious of all theories, our own as well as those of others.

169 Throughout this paper the important facts stated by us have been verified by many and carefully made experiments; and we therefore trust that our readers, if unable to accept our theories, will at least have respect for our facts.

ACTION OF CUTTING EDGE OF TOOL IS THAT OF SCRAPING - CUTTING EDGE NOT UNDER HEAVY PRESSURE

170 It would appear that the chip is torn off from the forging at a point appreciably above the cutting edge of the tool and this tearing action leaves the forging in all cases more or less jagged or irregular at the exact spot where the chip is pulled away from the forging, as shown to the left of T1. An instant later the line of the cutting edge, or more correctly speaking, the portion of the lip surface immediately adjoining the cutting edge, comes in contact with these slight irregularities left on the forging owing to the tearing action, and shears these lumps off, so as to leave the receding flank of the forging comparatively smooth.

171 Thus in this tearing action, particularly in the case of cutting a thick shaving, while the cutting edge of the tool is continually in action, scraping or shearing off or rubbing away these small irregularities left on the forging, yet that portion of the lip surface close to the cutting edge constantly receives much less pressure from the chip than the same surface receives at a slight distance away from the cutting edge. This allows the tool to run at higher cutting speeds than would be possible if the cutting edge received the same pressure as does the lip surface close to it.

172 There are many phenomena which indicate this tearing action of the tool. For example, it is an everyday occurrence to see cutting tools which have been running close to their maximum speeds and which have been under cut for a considerable length of time, guttered out at a little distance back of the cutting edge, as shown in Folder 3, Fig. 17e. The wear in this spot indicates that the pressure of the chip has been most severe at a little distance back from the edge.

173 Still another manner in which in many cases the tearing action of the tool is indicated is illustrated in Folder 3, Fig. 17a, in which a small mass of metal D is shown to be stuck fast to the lip surface of the tool after it has completed its work and been removed from the lathe. When broken off, however, and carefully examined, this mass will be found to consist of a great number of small particles which have been cut or scraped off of the forging, as above described, by the cutting edge of the tool. They are then pressed down into a dense little pile of compacted particles of steel or dust stuck together and to the lip surface of the tool almost as if they had been welded. In the case of the modern high speed tools, when this little mass of dust or particles is removed from the upper surface of the tool, the cutting edge will in most cases be found to be about as sharp as ever, and the lip surface adjacent to it when closely examined will show in many cases the scratches left by the emery wheel from the original grinding of the tool.

174 With roughing tools made from old fashioned tempered steel, however, and which have been speeded close to their “standard speeds," in most cases after removing this “dust pile” from the lip surface, the cutting edge of the tool will be found to be distinctly rounded over. And in cases where the tool has been cutting a very thick shaving, the edge will be very greatly rounded over, as shown in the enlarged view of the nose of a tool in Folder 7, Fig. 41.







NATURE OF WEAR ON TOOLS DEPENDS UPON WHETHER IT HAS BEEN CHIEFLY CAUSED BY HEAT

175 The appearance of tools which are worn down so as to require regrinding differs widely according to whether or not the heat produced by the pressure of the chip has been the chief cause of wear; and according to the part which heat has played in producing the wear, worn out tools may properly be divided into three classes.

THE FIRST CLASS

176 Tools in which the heat, produced by the pressure of the chip, has been so slight as to have had no softening effect upon the surface of the tool.

177 Tools in which the heat has been so great as to soften the lip surface of the tool beneath the chip almost at once after starting the cut, and in which, therefore, heat has played the principal part in the wear of the tool.

WEAR OF THE SECOND CLASS

178 Tools in which the heat only slightly softens the surface of the tool during the greater part of the time that it is cutting, while during the latter part of the time heat is the chief cause of wear because, as described in the third class, it greatly softens the lip surface under pressure of the chip.

179 In the FIRST CLASS, in which heat plays no part in the wear of tools, all tools (whether made from carbon tempered steel, or from the old style self-hardening steel, or from the modern treated tools) wear in about the same manner. Namely, the lip surface just back of the cutting edge is slowly rubbed or worn or ground down through the friction of the chip, as shown in Folder 3, Fig. 17d.

180 As the surface of the tool through the long rubbing of the chip becomes slightly roughened, the tool wears away somewhat more rapidly, but the increase in the rapidity of wear is in this case by no means marked.

THIRD CLASS

181 On the other hand, tools which wear according to the THIRD CLASS begin to distinctly deteriorate within from one to three minutes after the chip has started to cut, depending upon the length of time required for the friction of the chip to raise the tool from its normal cold state to the high temperature which corresponds to the combination of pressure and speed which produces the heat. And the moment the nose of the tool has reached a degree of heat at which the metal under the chip becomes distinctly soft, the wear then proceeds with great rapidity. Sometimes after arriving at a certain degree of softness, the heat remains approximately constant, and the wear upon the tool continues at a uniformly rapid rate until a comparatively deep groove or gutter has been worn into the lip surface. At other times after the lip surface of the tool begins to soften, it appears to become rougher and cause a still greater amount of friction and heat, in which case the wear of the tool proceeds at an increasingly rapid rate, and the tool is soon destroyed. There are rare instances in which after the rapid wear has started, the friction between the chip and the tool, for some unaccountable reason, appears to become less and the tool slightly cools down. Cases have come under the  observation of the writer in which tools which had been running with their noses at a visible dark red heat, cooled off  to such an extent that the chip which had been very dark blue in color changed to a color but slightly darker than a brown. This indicated a very marked diminution in friction, although the cutting speed was maintained at a uniform rate throughout. This case, however, is of rare occurrence.

182 While a deep groove worn by the chip is a characteristic of wear of the third class, by no means all of the tools in this class wear into a deep groove. Most of them give out before the groove has had time to wear deep. After wear of the third class has started, tools will generally be completely ruined in a time varying from 20 seconds to 15 minutes, and the time which elapses between the softening of the lip surface and the final mining of the tool is exceedingly irregular. One of two tools—which have been proved through standardization to be uniform within, say, 1 or 2 per cent, may give out within one minute after this action starts, while the other may last 15 minutes. On the other hand, occasional lots of tools are found which. after having been proved uniform through standardization, will last under this softening speed for approximately the same length of time.

REASON FOR ADOPTING A STANDARD TEST PERIOD OF 20 MINUTES

183 It is this irregularity in the ruining time of tools belonging to the third class which has led us to adopt a trial period of 20 minutes as being the SHORTEST RUINING TIME from which it is safe to draw any correct scientific conclusions from tests in the art of cutting metals. See paragraphs 703-704. 

184 A cutting speed which causes the tool to be ruined in a shorter period than 20 minutes is accompanied by such a high degree of heat as to produce irregularity in the ruining time; on the other hand, a speed which ruins at the end of 20 minutes is accompanied by that degree of heat at which tools, generally speaking, can be depended upon to wear uniformly. In other words, it represents the degree of heat at which a lot of uniform tools will all give out at about the same time.

ECONOMICAL CUTTING SPEEDS

185 Cutting speeds which are sufficiently slow to cause the tool to wear as described in the first class are entirely too slow for economy. On the other hand, tools when run at the high cutting speeds which  produce wear of the third class last so short a time that these high speeds are entirely out of the question for daily shop use.

186 It is then with cutting speeds causing wear of the SECOND CLASS that we are chiefly concerned; as it is within this range of cutting speeds that almost all roughing tools in every day use should be run for maximum all-round economy. CUTTING SPEEDS OF THIS CLASS ARE REFERRED TO AS “ ECONOMICAL SPEEDS” on “ MOST ECONOMICAL srasos. ” Our experiments, therefore, have been practically confined to a study of cutting speeds of the second class.

187 By referring to paragraph 701, and Folder 15, Table 105, it will be noted that a cutting speed which will cause a given tool to be ruined at the end of 80 minutes is about 20 per cent slower than the cutting speed of the same tool if it were to last 20 minutes. By referring also to paragraph 717, it will be noted that, on the whole, we have concluded it is not economical to run roughing tools at a cutting speed so slow as to‘ cause them to LAST FOR MORE THAN ONE AND ONE-HALF HOURS  without being reground. Tools which are ruined in one and one-half hours, however, are still within the second class as far as the causes for wear are concerned; and the wear of tools of the second class may be again referred to as being during the greater part of the life of the tool similar to the wear of the first-class tools, in which the heat is not sufficiently great to materially soften the lip surface. In the second class, however, the cutting speeds are so high as to cause the lip surface of the tool to gradually become rougher, and rougher, and as this surface roughens, the heat increases so that in their final wearing out, say, during the last five to fifteen minutes of their life, tools of the second class wear in a manner similar to those of the third class. Thus it is seen that wear in tools of the second class is a combination of the type of wear of the first class with the type of wear of the third class, the first class type of wear extending through the greater part of the time that the tool is cutting.

 HOW CARBON STEEL TEMPERED TOOLS AND TOOLS MADE FROM OLD FASHIONED SELF-HARDENING STEEL WEAR

189 With carbon steel tempered tools at standard speeds the cutting edge begins to be injured almost as soon as the tool starts to work, and is entirely rounded over and worn away before the tool finally gives out, and the tool works well in spite of its cutting edge being damaged. While with high speed tools at standard speeds, the cutting edge remains in almost perfect condition until just before the tool gives out, when even a very slight damage at one spot on the cutting edge will usually cause the tool to be ruined in a comparatively few revolutions.

190 Carbon tempered tools and also, to a considerable extent, the old fashioned self-hardening tools (such as Mushet), when run at their “ economical ” or “ standard ” speeds, pass through the following characteristic phases as they progress toward the point at which they are finally ruined. It will of course be understood that the “rounding of the cutting edge,” the “mounting of the steel upon the lip ” and the “ rubbing away beneath the cutting edge” all progress simultaneously, although each of these phenomena is separately described.

191 The line of the cutting edge of the tool, which is at first keen, becomes very slightly dull so that it shines when held in the light, and it is then gradually rounded over until it finally loses all resemblance to a cutting edge, and after severe use frequently looks as if it had been purposely rounded over. This action is referred to in recording our experiments as “CUTTING EDGE ROUNDED.”

192 The lip, or top surface of the tool, soon becomes slightly roughened and whitened as the shaving presses against it, then the surface of the tool near the cutting edge becomes discolored as if the temper of the tool were being drawn, and this discoloration increases both in the extent of its area and in its approach toward almost a black color, until the tool is entirely ruined. This action is referred to as “ DISCOLORED BACK FROM CUTTING EDGE.”

193 The flank of the tool begins to discolor in a manner similar to the lip and this discoloration continues to increase until the tool is finally ruined. This action is referred to as "DISCOLORED BELOW CUTTING  EDGE."

194 Long before the tool is ruined, also, the fine particles of steel or dust scraped of by the cutting edge begin to weld or stick to the lip of the tool and mount upon it sometimes from 1/16 inch to 1/4 inch  in height, as shown in Folder 3, Fig. 17d; referred to as “STEEL MOUNTED ON  LIP.”

195 The flank of the tool just below the cutting edge begins to wear or rub away slightly, and this wear gradually extends further and further below the cutting edge until the tool is ruined; referred to as “RUBBED BENEATH CUTTING EDGE.”

196 Small portions of the metal being cut wedge themselves in between the flank of the tool and the work, and are partly welded or stuck to the tool, and these lumps which are welded on to the tool, and the rubbing away of the flank as the tool grows dull, prevent the feed from being uniform in thickness, and cause the tool sometimes to entirely skip its feed for one or two revolutions; referred to as “ TOOL JUMPED.” These lumps also force the work and the tool away from one another, and so leave the work rough and lumpy in these places; referred to as “LEFT LUMPY FINISH.” Also the particles of metal which are welded on to the flank of the tool frequently leave scratches on the finished part of the work; referred to as “LEFT SCRATCHY FINISH."

197 The tool is finally completely ruined by having so much of its flank rubbed away beneath the cutting edge, that no amount of pressure can force it into the work, and when it reaches this condition it must be immediately removed from the tool post, or there is danger of breaking either the tool, the machine, or the work.

198 As a result of our experiments it became evident that in case of tools made from the “low speed” self-hardening steels, for instance, such as the old fashioned Mushet steel, the tools would in many cases run successfully long after the line of the cutting edge had become slightly injured; also that in the case of “roughing” tools made from the carbon or tempered steels, it was economical and right in daily shop practice to run these tools at such a cutting speed that their actual cutting edges rounded off quite soon after starting to do their work. These tools continued to cut with their edges rounded, somewhat as shown in Folder 7, Fig. 42, successfully through the whole cut.

199 As stated in paragraph 67, all of our experiments made with these two types of tools (carbon and Mushet types) to determine the laws for cutting metals were rendered much more difficult, owing to the judgment required in deciding the exact amount of damage which was appropriate both to the tool and the particular thickness of shaving which was being taken.

200 In paragraph 506 will be found a further discussion of the very great part which the heat caused by the friction of the chip against the lip surface of the tool plays in ruining tools, and in para- graph 965 we refer to the peculiar property of retaining their hardness even at a high heat, which is called “red hardness,” as being the essential novelty in the discovery of new “high speed” tools. HOW MODERN HIGH SPEED TOOLS WEAR

201 As stated above, in the case of modern high speed tools, the damage caused to the tool through the action of cutting is confined almost entirely to the lip surface of the tool. Doubtless also the metal right at the cutting edge of the tool remains harder than it is directly under the center of pressure of the chip, because the cutting edge is next to and constantly rubs against the cold body of the forging, and is materially cooled by this contact.

202 Whether the lip surface be ground away at high speeds or at slower speeds, the nose of the tool is generally “ruined” in a very short time after the cutting edge has been so damaged that it fails to scrape off smoothly even at one small spot the rough projections which have been left on the body of the forging by tearing away the chip. The moment the body of the forging begins to rub against the clearance flank of one of these high speed tools at or just below the cutting edge, even at one small place, the friction at this point generates so high a heat as to soften the tool very rapidly. After a comparatively few revolutions (particularly when cutting medium or soft steel or cast iron), the cutting edge and flank of the tool beneath it will be completely rubbed and melted away, as shown in Folder 3, Fig. 17b.

203 The above characteristic of holding their cutting edges in practically perfect condition while running at economical speeds up to the ruining point is a valuable property of the high speed tools, since it insures a good finish, and the maintenance throughout the cut of the proper size of the work, without the constant watchfulness required on the part of the operator in the case of old slow speed tools with their rounded and otherwise injured cutting edges, which when run at economical speeds were likely at any minute to damage the finish of the work. -

204 When one of these high speed tools is nearing its ruining point, a very trifling nick or break in the line of the cutting edge will beat once noticed by its making a very small but continuous scratch, projecting ridge, or bright streak, on the flank of the forging (namely, upon that part of the forging from which the spiral line of the chip has just been removed). When the skilled operator notices this line, he at once removes the tool from its cut, and notes upon the record “tool began to ruin”; the abbreviation for which in our case consists of the letters B R. ‘

205 The letter R is used to indicate a tool which has been entirely ruined; the word “Good” (G) indicates a tool which is removed from the cut showing but very small damage or wear even to the lip surface; the word “Fair” (F) indicates a tool which shows considerable wear upon the lip surface, such, for instance as is shown in tool, Folder 3, Fig. 17c, the cutting edge of which has, however, not as yet absolutely started to ruin.

206 It is a curious fact that high speed tools which differ in their chemical compositions, and perhaps also slightly in their high heat and subsequent treatment, give very different indications while cutting that they have begun to ruin. For instance, the kind of scratch, shiny streak, or ridge, which on high speed tools made from steel of one chemical composition would indicate the approach of the ruining point, may possibly be no indication of the approach of the ruining point if made by another type of high speed tool.

207 It is therefore necessary for the operator with each new batch of tools which are to be used in an experiment to absolutely ruin a number of these tools so as to be thoroughly familiar with that exact appearance of the flank of the forging which unquestionably indicates the approach of the ruining point. After the operator has assured himself beyond doubt of this indication, it will not then be necessary for him to ruin each tool completely. The writer has in mind many instances, however, in which from the appearance of the scratches or shiny streaks, etc., on the flank of the forging, he was convinced that the tool was about to ruin, and in which the same tool continued to run for many minutes afterward, and even, in some cases, at an increase in cutting speed. In this element in making experiments, as in all others, nothing must be taken for granted, everything must be proved.

208 In paragraphs 353 and 354 two other reasons for the cutting edges of tools giving out are referred to: a. The spalling off or crumbling away of the tool due to the ' pressure of the chip at its extreme cutting edge, as shown in Folder 6, Fig. 31a; and b. The spalling off or crumbling away of the extreme cutting edge due to the feeding pressure at this point, as shown in Folder 6, Fig. 31b.

209 As both of these types of yielding must be chiefly considered in their relation to the acuteness of the lip angle of the tool, we refer to them later in the paper.





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Updated on 28 May 2020, 30 June 2019