Understanding Process Plans by Industrial Engineers

Understanding Engineering Designs and Plans by Industrial Engineers

Understanding Product Designs by Industrial Engineers
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2019/12/understanding-product-designs-by.html

Understanding Process Plans by Industrial Engineers
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2019/12/understanding-process-plans-by.html

Understanding Facilities Plan - Facility Design by Industrial Engineers
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2019/12/facilities-plan-facility-design.html


Industrial engineers have to understand the current process plans of the organization and observe the current production practice. They should be able to notice deviations if any and find out the reasons for the deviations. Whatever industrial engineering changes they propose to process plans, they have to be finally incorporated into the process plans.

Process planning
Process planning involves the preparation for the manufacture of products.
Process planning deals with the selection and definition of the processes that have to be performed in order to transform raw material into a given shape.

Process planning in part manufacturing includes:

- the interpretation of the part design/drawing.

- the selection of machine tools.

- the selection of tool sets.

- the determination of set-ups.

- the design of fixtures.

- the determination of machining methods.

- the selection of cutting tools.

- the determination of machining sequences.

- the calculation of tool paths.

- the calculation of cutting conditions.

- the generation of NC programs.
http://web.mst.edu/~liou/ME459/cad_cam_intgr/feature_based_pp.html


Aggregate assembly process planning for concurrent engineering
Laguda, Alima (2002) Aggregate assembly process planning for concurrent engineering. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.
2002
http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4144/

Principles of Process Planning: A logical approach

G. Halevi, R. Weill
Springer Science & Business Media, 31-Dec-1994 - Technology & Engineering - 399 pages

Process planning determines how a product is to be manufactured and is therefore a key element in the manufacturing process. It plays a major part in determining the cost of components and affects all factory activities, company competitiveness, production planning, production efficiency and product quality. It is a crucial link between design and manufacturing. There are several levels of process planning activities. Early in product engineering and development, process planning is responsible for determining the general method of production. The selected general method of production affects the design constraints. In the last stages of design, the designer has to consider ease of manufacturing in order for it to be economic. The part design data is transferred from engineering to manufacturing and process planners develop the detailed work package for manufacturing a part. Dimensions and tolerances are determined for each stage of processing of the workpiece. Process planning determines the sequence of operations and utilization of machine tools. Cutting tools, fixtures, gauges and other accessory tooling are also specified. Feeds, speeds and other parameters of the metal cutting and forming processes are determined.

Table of contents (16 chapters)
Introduction  Pages 1-14
Logical design of a process plan  Pages 15-35
Geometric interpretation of technical drawings  Pages 36-50
Dimensioning and tolerancing for production Pages 51-91
General selection of primary production processes Pages 92-119
Selecting detailed methods of production Pages 120-133
Elements of positioning and workholding Pages 134-169
How to determine the type of operation  Pages 170-193
How to select cutting speed  Pages 194-207
How to select a machine for the job  Pages 208-224
How to select tools for a job  Pages 225-241
SPC — statistical process control  Pages 242-261
Hole-making procedures Pages 262-299
Milling operations  Pages 300-316
Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) Pages 317-332
Example of a fully-developed process plan  Pages 333-349

Preview
https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Principles_of_Process_Planning.html?id=AK6Y57fKv38C

Understanding Facilities Plan - Facility Design by Industrial Engineers

Understanding Engineering Designs and Plans by Industrial Engineers

Understanding Product Designs by Industrial Engineers
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2019/12/understanding-product-designs-by.html

Understanding Process Plans by Industrial Engineers
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2019/12/understanding-process-plans-by.html

Understanding Facilities Plan - Facility Design by Industrial Engineers
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2019/12/facilities-plan-facility-design.html


Engineering processes take place in the facility provided by the organization. To understand the process, industrial engineers have to know the facilities plan first.

Systematic planning of industrial facilities
http://hpcinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Systematic-Planning-of-Industrial-Facilities-Vol.-I.pdf.pdf

https://www.fs.fed.us/eng/toolbox/fmp/fmp04.htm


Hospital design: nailing your facility master plan
https://www.korteco.com/construction-industry-articles/hospital-design-nailing-your-facility-master-plan/




DEHART CONSULTING, INC - Facility design consulting

Our industrial engineering, process engineering, material handling, and operations consulting specialists have extensive experience in the packaging, assembly, semiconductor fabrication, electronics, and photonics industries. Our facility design consulting efforts focus on the unique requirements of your business and the factors that affect it. We believe that only understanding these parameters, can our industrial engineers produce a system solution which meets your specific needs. These services provide the foundation for optimizing manufacturing and distribution processes that integrate people, equipment, technology, and facilities.

By focusing first on operational needs and then facilities issues, we deliver a site and facilities plan that:

All end users will accept.
The architects and construction professional will be able to integrate and construct.
Will improve operational throughput and productivity.
Provides modularity and flexibility to support future growth.
Minimizes occupancy and operating costs.
Our Focused FactoryTM facility design consulting services will help your business define the road map for growth, improve operating efficiency and return on assets.

Our deliverables include:

Detailed facility layouts
Process equipment lists
Complete utility requirements
Sustainability recommendations
Worker Safety recommendations
DeHart Consulting is an industrial engineering firm whose strength is in implementation of facility designs. Working with the client’s end users, architects, and facilities professionals, we will handle the project from concept to completion.

"DEHART CONSULTING, INC.'s flow-based manufacturing methods enabled California Amplifier to significantly reduce floor space, manufacturing cycle-time, and overhead staffing requirements, reduce our material costs by nearly 20%, while over tripling California Amplifier's inventory turns to 10+..."
-- Fred Sturm, President and CEO
California Amplifier, Inc.


https://www.dehartconsulting.com/industrial-engineering

Product Industrial Engineering Case Study Ideas

9th March 2017

Taking down material gauges but adding design features to retain structural integrity

Reducing the costs through different engineering approaches
Manufacturing a cost-effective product without sacrificing aesthetics, quality or structure

The recent increase in the price of steel gave us a prime opportunity to put Value Engineering into practice.

At the end of last year there was increasing volatility in the steel market and we could see by reading industry publications including ‘Steel Business Briefing’ and other specialist sources that the market was continued to move faster and faster with prices forecast to increase by 86% in the last calendar year.

How did we react? We wrote out to clients to let them know what was happening and what was being projected to happen to steel prices. We then also looked at how we could Value Engineer solutions so that our clients’ budgets weren’t compromised and they maintained their competitive advantage. That included looking at the thickness of the steel we were using / planning on using on certain projects and reducing the thickness. To ensure structural integrity we added in strentheners and stiffening ribs (we believe that every product we manufacture should combine structural integrity with creativity, quality and attention to detail).

https://www.jcmetalworks.co.uk/blog-articles/value-engineering-and-the-price-of-steel/

 In calendar year 2017, the country's largest iron ore miner has raised prices 48 per cent, to match those in international markets.
https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/after-6-rise-in-jan-steel-mills-see-room-for-more-price-hikes-next-month-118011100023_1.html


3 Reasons Why Steel Prices Will Rise Well Into 2017
by Raul de Frutos on NOVEMBER 15, 2016
https://agmetalminer.com/2016/11/15/3-reasons-why-steel-prices-will-rise-well-into-2017/




Use of galvanised steel in Indian cars less than 17%, says IZA
PASSENGER VEHICLES
By Mayank Dhingra 21 Sep 2019

The use of galvanised steel or zinc-coated steel is as low as 17 percent (or less) for passenger cars, making them prone to corrosion.

But export models go through an anti-corrosion galvanisation process that covers up to 70 percent of the vehicle's body shell till the window-line.

In North America and Europe, vehicle manufacturers use galvanised steel in over 90 percent of the vehicle body even including the pillars,  barring just the roof, which is a non-critical area when it comes to the topic of corrosion.

Zinc is a US$ 40 billion per year market and is the fourth-largest used metal worldwide behind iron, aluminium and copper.
https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/tata-motors-reveals-two-new-ultra-truck-models-at-south-african-cv-expo-44161


Read
Value Engineering: Analysis And Methodology
Del Younker
CRC Press, 14-May-2003 - Technology & Engineering - 350 pages
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Mtq_qunJIBMC


Electrical Value Engineering 101
In Electrical Contracting Articles, Electrical Estimating Articles by David Parden July 1, 2011
Interesting VE Idea in electrical projects
https://www.costclass.com/electrical-value-engineering-101/



A building, which utilizes water-cooled package units for primary cooling, is located near coastal Miami, on the flight path of Miami International Airport and it is  a very corrosive environment for roof-mounted mechanical equipment. The original specifications called for a stainless-steel cooling tower. The project was over budget, so as part of VE measures to reduce upfront cost,  a cooling tower (even the basins) of galvanized construction was recommended and accepted. The galvanised  cooling tower saved the owner approximately $35,000. But after 12 years,  the cooling tower has extensive damage caused by corrosion. The current replacement cost is  nearly $500,000. Amortized over the cooling tower’s 12-year life, the cost is approximately $41,000 per year. This is an  example of VE gone bad on a construction project.

Why did it happen. Remember. Value analysis has to recommend alternatives that are reliable.
https://www.hpac.com/clarks-remarks/article/20928827/where-is-the-value-in-hvac-value-engineering


ALUMINUM VS. COPPER CONDUCTORS
http://www.tesengineering.com/aluminum-vs-copper-conductors/



Value Engineering Ideas - More Thinking Required

Revised Plumbing VE List:


PEX piping in lieu of copper for 3 inches and smaller – $240,000
Plumbing fixture alternates – Accepted
Reduced valves – $120,000
Remove reverse osmosis system for humidifiers – $230,000


You may be now within target budget.

Issues
Some VE solutions may be good opportunities on projects during schematic design but since detailed design is completed, design fee might cancel out any savings.

What about  design schedule now? How much time it will take you to make the changes from your list. You’re going to have to change your specs, rerun your calculations on the new PEX, which has different velocities, pressure drop and hanger requirements.

What about the alternate plumbing fixtures? Do any of their requirements change your design? What if the new water closet flush valve requires a higher static pressure to operate, which will change the size of the booster pump? This would be  an unintended consequence of the VE process.  Maybe your safety factor has changed? Now that is an internal dilemma. Are you willing to remove the little safety factor you had to meet the new pressure requirements of the water closer?

If you increase the pumps, you’ll have to go back to the VE exercise.  They’re going to look for you to give them a recommendation. There’s a reason you design with a safety factor. Explain the value and show them the options.

https://www.phcppros.com/articles/7909-value-engineering-back-to-budget

Magnesium  Wheels

SUPERIORITY OF FORGED MAGS
https://magnesiumwheels.com/mg-benefits.html

Carbon / magnesium wheels for high-performance vehicles
6 APR 2011
http://www.jeccomposites.com/knowledge/international-composites-news/carbon-magnesium-wheels-high-performance-vehicles

Engineering Component - Manufacturers and Suppliers - Value Engineering Information

Deep draw stamping

Versatile and effective, deep draw stamping is a particularly effective metal forming method for parts with high depth measurements and large annual order volumes. A wide range of metals can be used in the deep draw process.
Hudson Technologies
1327 North US Highway 1
Ormond Beach, Florida 32174-2900
Local: 386.672.2000
Toll Free: 866.241.4448
Fax: 386.676.6212
https://www.hudson-technologies.com/materials/

Precision Die Casting
https://www.lupton-place.co.uk/quality-die-casting/

Zinc Die Casting (ZA and ZAMAK)
The Sunbird Engineering team
http://www.sunbirdengineering.com/expertise/zinc-die-casting/

Low Cost Alloys for Value Engineering

Journal of Magnesium and Alloys

open access
China 
Publisher: National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys of China, Chongqing University
https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=21100461936&tip=sid&clean=0


2019

MNEX - high-cost performance ratio copper alloy

Standard No.  CDA: C41125
Next-generation high-cost performance ratio copper alloy. The world's first Cu-Zn based alloy contributing to the excellent terminal performance and low cost. It is an innovative material that overcomes the deterioration of the spring properties under the high temperature or corrosive environment which was a weak point of the conventional Cu-Zn system. It contributes to the demonstration of the excellent terminal performance and low cost.
A copper alloy for automotive general purpose terminals.
Main purposes of use
In-vehicle terminals, consumer terminals, bus bars, spring materials, press-fit terminals
http://www.mitsubishi-shindoh.com/en/products/material/mnex.html

High strength, high formability, and low cost aluminum lithium alloys

Application EP15191323.3A events
2014-10-26
Priority to US14/523,931
2015-10-23
Application filed by KAISER ALUMINUM FABRICATED PRODUCTS LLC, Kaiser Aluminum Fabricated Products, LLC
2016-04-27
Publication of EP3012338A1
2019-12-27
Application status is Pending
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3012338A1/ja

High Strength, High Formability, and Low Cost Aluminum-Lithium Alloys
United States Patent Application 20160115576
http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2016/0115576.html


Die cast alloys with high thermal conductivity (low cost version)
Enhancing the performance of DX 19 as a secondary alloy achieved superior cost performance comparable to the ADC12 alloy.
Exhibiting castability equivalent to the ADC12 alloy and high thermal conductivity, this alloy is an easy replacement for ADC12.

DX19eco Al-11Si-Cu-Fe alloy
Environmentally-friendly alloy offers good castability and allows secondary alloying.
http://www.nmca.jp/en/product/alloy/type-d/thermal-cond-c.html



2018

Stronger Than Steel, Able to Stop a Speeding Bullet—It’s Super Wood!
Simple processes can make wood tough, impact-resistant—or even transparent
February 7, 2018
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stronger-than-steel-able-to-stop-a-speeding-bullet-mdash-it-rsquo-s-super-wood/

2013 Aluminum Alloy Extrusion for Low Cost Aircraft Structures
[New Product Introduction]

High strength aluminum alloy 2013 extrusion has been developed as an alternative to 2024 alloy that is typically used for aircraft structures. 2013 has equivalent strength characteristics of 2024 alloy, and can be extruded to thin complex shapes because of its excellent extrudability. Therefore, 2013 can reduce assembly and machining cost by means of an integrated structure.
http://global.kawasaki.com/en/corp/rd/magazine/167/is01.html


2017

2017-11-05
Development of Low Cost Aluminum Tapered Handlebar for Motorcycles

An alloy created using  a large amount of zinc while reducing the amount of the copper, which deteriorates the extrusion productivity.  However, a large amount of zinc decreases the stress corrosion cracking resistance. Therefore, in order to obtain a metallic structure favorable to the prevention of stress corrosion cracking, the mandrel extrusion was applied for the pipe manufacturing method, and heat treatment condition and swaging condition were optimized. With this development, we have made it possible to manufacture the tapered handlebar made of high strength aluminum alloy with less weight by 20% and with lower cost by 30% than those of the conventional handlebar.
https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2017-32-0056/



 2017
Magnesium Sheet Metal with Excellent Room Temperature Formability
—A New Light Weight Metal as Formable as Aluminum Sheet Metal with 1.5 Times Higher Strength, Potentially Suitable for Use in Reducing Vehicle Weight—
The alloy uses only common metals, and is expect to be a low-cost light weight sheet metal for automotive applications.

(“A heat-treatable Mg–Al–Ca–Mn–Zn sheet alloy with good room temperature formability”; M. Z. Bian, T. T. Sasaki, B. C. Suh, T. Nakata, S. Kamado, K .Hono; Scripta Materialia Vol. 138, page 151, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.05.034)
https://www.nims.go.jp/eng/news/press/2017/06/201706150.html

A kind of high resiliency low cost Sn-P-Cu alloy band and preparation method thereof
Abstract
A kind of high resiliency low cost Sn-P-Cu alloy band and preparation method thereof, its composition and ratio is for including: 0.5～2.5wt% stannum, 0～1.0wt% nickel, 0～1.0wt% zinc, 0.05～0.5wt% ferrum, 0.05～0.5wt% phosphorus, 95～99wt% copper
Application CN201510275343.3A events
2015-05-26 Application filed by 宁波金田铜业(集团)股份有限公司
2015-05-26 Priority to CN201510275343.3A
2017-01-04 Publication of CN106282654A
2017-11-24 Application granted
2017-11-24 Publication of CN106282654B
https://patents.google.com/patent/CN106282654A/en



Development of Type 204 CU Stainless, A Low - Cost Alternate to Type 304

For the development of Type 204Cu Stainless, to achieve lower cost than Type 304, Modified Type 201, with 6% lower nickel content than Type 304 was selected as the base alloy.  To achieve similar formability and work hardening rate as Type 304, copper was the key elemental addition to Modified Type 201. To achieve similar corrosion resistance as Type 304, a careful balance of alloying elements which include chromium, molybdenum, nitrogen and nickel was necessary. Data is presented comparing the strength, work hardening rate, formability, and corrosion resistance of the two alloys. Potential uses for Type 204Cu  are discussed.
https://www.carpentertechnology.com/en/alloy-techzone/technical-information/technical-articles/development-of-type-204-cu-stainless-a-low---cost-alternate-to-type-304

See related information in Austenitic Steels
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PvU-qbQJq7IC&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false

https://www.ulbrich.com/alloys/204cu-stainless-steel-uns-s20430/


2016


Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, April 1, 2016

RICHLAND, Wash. – An improved titanium alloy — stronger than any commercial titanium alloy currently on the market — gets its strength from the novel way atoms are arranged to form a special nanostructure. For the first time, researchers have been able to see this alignment and then manipulate it to make the strongest titanium alloy ever developed, and with a lower cost process to boot.

They note in a paper published on April 1 by Nature Communications that the material is an excellent candidate for producing lighter vehicle parts, and that this newfound understanding may lead to creation of other high strength alloys.

Researchers at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory knew the titanium alloy made from a low-cost process they had previously pioneered had very good mechanical properties, but they wanted to know how to make it even stronger. Using powerful electron microscopes and a unique atom probe imaging approach they were able to peer deep inside the alloy's nanostructure to see what was happening. Once they understood the nanostructure, they were able to create the strongest titanium alloy ever made.
https://www.energy.gov/technologytransitions/articles/low-cost-and-lightweight-strongest-titanium-alloy-aims-improving

https://phys.org/news/2016-04-low-cost-lightweight-strongest-titanium-alloy.html


2015
New alloy of steel created that's as  light as titanium
February 12, 2015
By altering metal alloy at a nanoscale level,  the Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology (GIFT) researchers at Pohang University of Science and Technology in South Korea have developed a new alloy that has the strength of steel and the lightness of titanium alloy. Made from an amalgam of steel, aluminum, carbon, manganese, and nickel, the new alloy promises to be low-cost and readily available due to its mix of common minerals.
https://newatlas.com/steel-alloy-strong-light-titanium/35996/


Low-cost Nanomaterials: Toward Greener and More Efficient Energy Applications
Zhiqun Lin, Jun Wang
Springer, 26-Jun-2014 - Technology & Engineering - 488 pages
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=q1wgBAAAQBAJ


2013
IBC’s cost-effective, high-performance castable beryllium-aluminum alloy
OCTOBER 16, 2013
Beryllium is a relatively rare element that is very light, extremely stiff and stronger than steel, x-ray transparent, non-magnetic and non-sparking, and melts at 2,307°C. Aluminum melts at a much lower 660.32°C. Pure beryllium plays a strategic role in the nuclear, aerospace and defense industries, and is widely utilized as an alloy in telecom, computing, electronics, medical, oil and gas, and automotive industries. IBC produces a family of patented beryllium-aluminum alloys — marketed as Beralcast® — that overcomes the limitations of pure beryllium and existing powder metal beryllium-aluminum products, while retaining the benefits of the two metals. IBC’s Beralcast offers a cost-effective solution for high performance applications by combining beryllium’s lightweight and high stiffness with aluminum’s excellent processing characteristics and low cost. Beralcast is produced using a process similar to conventional vacuum investment casting and can be cast into complex shapes that require minimal machining.
https://investorintel.com/sectors/technology-metals/technology-metals-intel/ibc-advanced-alloys-beralcast-alloys-cost-effective-high-performance-castable-beryllium-aluminum/


2011
Low-cost titanium alloys and method for preparation thereof
Abstract
The invention defines a low-cost titanium alloy, comprising iron and chromium as principal alloying elements, of composition Ti-xFe-yCr, wherein x = 1 - 9% and y = 0.2 - 3%, percentages expressed in weight with reference to total alloy weight.

2008-08-08
Priority to ES200802403A
2008-08-08
Priority to ESP200802403
2009-07-29
Application filed by Universidad Carlos Iii De Madrid
2010-02-11
Publication of WO2010015723A1
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2010015723A1/en


2009

Low Cost Aluminum Foams For Industrial Application
Date: July 23, 2009
In this process, the production of aluminum foam is a continuous process, and leads to significant cost reductions since this is a cheaper product than titanium hydride and other currently used foaming agents, it can multiply the many applications of these materials.

The main applications of aluminum foams are found in the automotive industry (impact, acoustic and vibration absorbers), the aerospace industry as structural components in turbines and spatial cones, in the naval industry as low frequency vibration absorbers, and in construction industry as sound barriers inside tunnels and as fire proof materials, structure protection systems against explosions and even as decoration.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090723081758.htm


1997
Low-Cost Titanium Armors for Combat Vehicles
https://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9705/Montgomery-9705.html


1974
1974
An 85% copper, 9% nickel, and 6% tin alloy developed by Bell Labs is roughly 15% stronger—and will sustain a 40% greater load under repeated bending—than copper-beryllium, reportedly the strongest copper alloy currently used. And the cost of the new combination is about one third
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-v052n039.p005a

More General

Low cost corrosion resistant compositionally complex alloys (CCAs)
Funder: United States Department of the Navy (DON)
Grant number: N000141712807
Funding amount
USD 291 K
Funding period 2017 1 Aug ‐ 2020 31 Aug
https://app.dimensions.ai/details/grant/grant.7078744


New Database Helps Create Innovative Steel Alloys
By Mark Lessard
10.08.2019
https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/metals/new-database-helps-create-innovative-steel-alloys/

Titanium vs Aluminum - DMLS and CNC
https://www.protolabs.com/resources/blog/titanium-vs-aluminum-workhorse-metals-for-machining-and-3d-printing/

Thin sheets made of an aluminium-copper-lithium alloy for producing airplane fuselages
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a thin sheet having a thickness of 0.5 to 3.3 mm and an essentially non-recrystallized structure made of aluminium-based alloy
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2981632A1/en

Systems Design Approach to Low-Cost Coinage Materials
Eric A. Lass,* Mark R. Stoudt, and Carelyn E. Campbell
Integr Mater Manuf Innov. 2018; 7: 10.1007/s40192-018-0110-2.
doi: 10.1007/s40192-018-0110-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6512868/


The Steel Vs Aluminum Rivalry in Automobiles
November 27, 2017
https://teampacesetter.com/steel-vs-aluminum-rivalry/


Properties and Production of Lightweight Metals
Written by AZoM  Oct 6 2016
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=13063

The Advantages of Zinc Casting Alloys
Martina Fagnani
December 14, 2016
https://www.bruschitech.com/blog/the-advantages-of-zinc-casting-alloys


New Materials for Next-Generation Commercial Transports (1996)
Chapter: 3 Metallic Materials and Processes
https://www.nap.edu/read/5070/chapter/5


Woldman's Engineering Alloys
John P. Frick
ASM International, 01-Jan-2000 - Technology & Engineering - 1363 pages

Annotation New edition of a reference that presents the values of properties typical for the most common alloy processing conditions, thus providing a starting point in the search for a suitable material that will allow, with proper use, all the necessary design limitations to be met (strength, toughness, corrosion resistance and electronic properties, etc.) The data is arranged alphabetically and contains information on the manufacturer, the properties of the alloy, and in some cases its use. The volume includes 32 tables that present such information as densities, chemical elements and symbols, physical constants, conversion factors, specification requirements, and compositions of various alloys and metals. Also contains a section on manufacturer listings with contact information. Edited by Frick, a professional engineering consultant. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RzMOiOEQ-oMC

Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Joseph R. Davis
ASM International, 1993 - Technology & Engineering - 784 pages

This one-stop reference is a tremendous value and time saver for engineers, designers and researchers. Emerging technologies, including aluminum metal-matrix composites, are combined with all the essential aluminum information from the ASM Handbook series (with updated statistical information).
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Lskj5k3PSIcC



Microstructure and Orientation Effects on Properties of Discontinuous Silicon Carbide/Aluminum Composites
David L. McDanels and Charles A. Hoffman Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio
NASA Technical Paper
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1984
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HsUzSZJAtzsC



Search Google "Low Cost" Alloy

Cobots - Industrial Applications - Productivity Engineering - Industrial Engineering

How to Safely Implement Collaborative Robots
As collaborative robots continue to be introduced in manufacturing, some key safety hazards need to be addressed before collaborative robots can be safely implemented on the line.

Jonathan Shaffer
Dec 16th, 2019
https://www.automationworld.com/factory/robotics/blog/21106484/the-introduction-of-collaborative-robots



India Automated: How the Fourth Industrial Revolution is Transforming India
Pranjal Sharma
Pan Macmillan, 07-Nov-2019 - Computers
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EIK0DwAAQBAJ


The rise of the cobots
10 JUNE 2019
https://www.aero-mag.com/the-rise-of-the-cobots/



Google search  productivity enginneering cobot 

Cobots in All Axis Machining

Case Study in Universal Robots Web Site
https://www.universal-robots.com/case-stories/all-axis-machining/


2019 January
All Axis Machining   discovered the open integration architecture through the Universal Robots’ UR+ platform and  it was quickly able to automate six operation of its older machinery with collaborative robots, or cobots. The deployment was so successful that All Axis started offering UR cobot integration services to other machine shops.
https://modernabrasivesdeburring.com/automation/1443-cobot-deployment


Services - All Axis Robotics


CNC Machine Tending

We provide a turnkey CNC Machine tending Services (for either New or legacy machines) which includes the installation of a 6-Axis machine tending cobot, pedestal/riser, integration of the robotic controller into CNC machine (legacy or new) pneumatic part vices, parts tray and Integration into IT network (Pat. Pending).

https://www.allaxisrobotics.com/services


Simple Set-Up Puts Cobots to Work
All Axis Machining works with UR+ integration platform to automate CNC machines with Universal Robot units, peripherals
DEC 31, 2018
https://www.americanmachinist.com/automation-and-robotics/media-gallery/21902951/simple-setup-puts-cobots-to-work

Cobots - Universal Robots

Flexible Automation for Manufacturers of All Sizes
ADDRESS YOUR LABOR NEEDS, INCREASE YOUR PRODUCTIVITY AND BECOME MORE COMPETITIVE
https://www.universal-robots.com/




India

2019

100 cobots were deployed across India by Encon Systems International.

Advertisement by Universal Robts (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru, India
universal-robots.com

UNIVERSAL ROBOTS HAS SOLD MORE THAN 37,000 COLLABORATIVE ROBOTS WHICH ARE USED IN SEVERAL THOUSAND PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTS EVERY DAY AROUND THE WORLD

Case Studies
Bajaj Auto India
Being the first company in India to implement collaborative robots has enabled Bajaj to improve its production capabilities and evolve its multi-modelling offerings.
https://www.universal-robots.com/case-stories/bajaj-auto/


All Axis Machining Cobot Use Case Study
https://www.universal-robots.com/case-stories/all-axis-machining/

Cobots enables Xiamen Runner Industrial Corporation to achieve flexible manufacturing
16 May 2017
Universal Robots
____________________


_____________________




UNIVERSAL ROBOTS - HISTORY

Founded in 2005 by three university students in Denmark, Universal Robots was the first company to deliver commercially viable collaborative robots – and transforming companies and entire industries.

Acquired by Teradyne in 2015, Universal Robots holds a 50% market share and 65 patents. The  workforce is employed in 23 offices around the globe.


2005
UNIVERSAL ROBOTS IS OFFICIALLY FOUNDED

Universal Robots is officially founded by Esben Østergaard, Kasper Støy, and Kristian Kassow, who met at the University of Denmark. Their goal: to make robot technology accessible to small and medium-sized enterprises. The establishment of the company is made possible by an investment by Syddansk Innovation.

2008
FIRST COLLABORATIVE ROBOT SOLD

Considered one of the most significant technological achievements coming out of the robots community in decade, the first lightweight, flexible UR5 cobot is shipped. The robot arm pioneers user-friendly, yet sophisticated 3D programming with an intuitive user interface that enables anyone to quickly set up and operate it.

2012
FIRST GENERATION UR10 LAUNCHES

Universal Robots launches the first generation UR10. Targeted towards manufacturers with larger tasks, the UR10 features a lifting ability of 10 kg and a reach of 130 cm. The company also establishes an American subsidiary, based in New York, USA.

2015
TERADYNE INC. ACQUIRES UNIVERSAL ROBOTS

Teradyne Inc. (Nasdaq: TER) acquires Universal Robots for $285M. According to Mark Jagiela, Presidnet and CEO of Teradyne, the acquisition complements the company’s System and Wireless Test businesses while adding a powerful growth platform to Teradyne.

Previous to the acquisition, Universal Robots achieves record revenue growth in 2014, increasing by 70% from 2013 and reaching $38 million USD, with profit more than doubling from the prior period.

2016
THE COMPANY LAUNCHES THE UNIVERSAL ROBOTS+ ECOSYSTEM

The company launches the Universal Robots+ ecosystem. Featuring leading-edge products from global Certified Partners, UR+ is the premier platform for manufacturers wanting to create custom solutions that automate tasks – big or small – on the factory floor. The new online showroom features grippers, accessories, vision systems and software – all tested and approved to work with the company’s cobots.

2017
ACADEMY

Universal Robots Academy is launched. With its online training Universal Robots provides a free-of-charge offer for everybody with a desire to learn the concepts of collaborative robots. The platform is built to deliver hands-on learning for handling the lightweight robot arms. The aim of the open to all training modules is to further lower the automation barrier and to reduce the integration time and costs

2018
UNIVERSAL ROBOTS INTRODUCES THE NEW E-SERIES

Universal Robots introduces the new e-Series collaborative robots at Automatica 2018. The ground-breaking automation technology leverages the company’s years of experience as a market leader, with the “e” in “e-Series” standing for “evolution,” “empowering people,” and most importantly, “easy to use.”

Universal Robots co-founder Esben Østergaard is awarded the Engelberger Robotics Award 2018 by the American Robotic Industries Association (RIA). Long considered the “Nobel Prize” for robotics, the award recognizes the development of Universal Robots’ collaborative robot arms as one of the most significant technology breakthroughs coming out of the robotics community in decades.

2019
MILESTONE

The company announces the heavy-duty UR16e which boasts an impressive 16 kg payload capability. The new robot arm combines the high payload with a reach of 900 mm and pose repeatability of +/- 0.05 mm making it ideal for automating tasks such as heavy-duty material handling, heavy-part handling, and machine tending.

Awards

2017
Ranked #2 on Fast Company's list of 
"Most Innovative Robotics Companies 2017”

2017
UR+ rated ”Best of 2017” in the services category by German Industriepreis

2016
“Best Robotics Revolution Award” 
at the Electronics Maker event in India

2015
“Ranked #25” on MIT Technology Review’s 
list of the 50 Smartest Companies

2014
“Innovation prize” at the Portuguese 
EMAF exhibition

2013
Best Robotics Provider in Asian Manufacturing Awards

2012
“Invention and Entrepreneurship Award”
by IEEE Robotics, Automation Society

2011
England: “MWP Award” 
for Best Automation System



Updated on 27 December 2019
22 September 2019

Productivity Improvement Idea Bank

2019
Value Calculator—Polyurethane Bushings
ATRO polyurethane bushings last longer than rubber, which means dramatically lower labor, parts and downtime cost over the life of your heavy-duty suspension.

Type into the yellow boxes and use our calculator to see how much money you can save* with long-lasting ATRO polyurethane bushings
https://www.atrobushing.com/atro-value-calculator

2011

March 2011
Transform the way you store and manage data with EqualLogic  (Dell)

Information is at the core of business value. Ignited by the need for real-time data access, enterprise mobility and pervasive virtualization, it’s no surprise that storage growth is expected to accelerate past 60% per year through 2020*. On average, essentially doubling every 18 months*. As if managing your organizations data growth isn’t enough, doing it on a flat annual budget makes it even more challenging.

Consider the Dell EqualLogic virtual iSCSI SAN. Its seamlessly scalable architecture and intelligent array software natively integrates with your tier-1 application and virtual environments to help you efficiently manage data without adding complexity. EqualLogic’s automation can help save you 45 days per year on common storage tasks and accelerate VM deployments by over 70%. Learn more about why virtual storage is an ideal solution for efficiently managing your data growth

http://www.dellenterprise.com/goto/equallogic/default.aspx?wt.mc_id=EBCFY12Q1018

2010

October 2010 - Air plane
Reinvent Your Hawker
More Speed, Fuel economy (7%)
Avaition Partners Winglets
http://www.duncanaviation.aero/airframe/promotions/winglets/hawker.php

2005 

Design-build model can increase productivity in construction industry compared to design-bid-build model.

http://www.mcdean.com/services/docs/prefab%20bill%20dean%20article.pdf

_____________________________________

2004

T N S Machining, Inc. has found a universal shop-wide coolant that has solved many common operational problems.  PICOCOOL 5254, a new generation high technology synthetic coolant, provides excellent lubricity for a variety of machining operations on many different materials especially difficult aluminum alloys. Reduced machine downtime and improve machining.

(Source: http://www.picochemical.com/mag/T%20N%20S%20Machining%20Productivity%20Improvement.doc)

___________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Bibliography

Productivity Improvement Using Ten Process Commandments  (Software Ind. Context), 2009

http://www.pmi.org/PDF/Patra_Bartaki_2009.pdf

Chip Design Process Productivity Improvements - Presentation - 2007

http://www.cvsi.fau.edu/download/attachments/267/Radical_Productivity_Improvement_Presentation.pdf?version=1

Making to High Performance and Productivity Improvement of Steel Bar and Wire Rod Rolling Process
NIPPON STEEL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 96 July 2007

http://www.nsc.co.jp/en/tech/report/pdf/n9604.pdf

How to Improve Fab Productivity  (2006)

http://www.ferret.com.au/n/How-to-Improve-Fab-Productivity-n714257

PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT OF COMPOSITES PROCESSING THROUGH THE USE OF INDUSTRIAL MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGIES
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 66, 267–285, 2006

http://ceta.mit.edu/PIER/pier66/21.06111901.Ku.pdf

Power Plant Efficiency Improvement in India (2004)

Presentation by S.C. Deosharma, NTPC

http://www.iea.org/work/2004/zets/apec/presentations/sharma.pdf

Five Leadership Skills for Implementing Productivity Improvement

http://www.maconline.org/tech/estimating/newsletter.pdf  Vol.20, No.3

All Newsletters link

http://hilltop.bradley.edu/~jadrian/newslet.html

SATPI: Strategic Administration by Total Productity Improvement
Michitoshi Oishi (Around 1999)

http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/mcn/pdf_files/part6_4.pdf

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Reports - Productivity Improvement

Productivity Improvement for Fossil Steam Power Plants, 2009
Date Published: 1/15/2010
Full list price:$25,000 (US dollars)
Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
EPRI 3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304

(Productivity Improvement for Fossil Steam Power Plants, 2009  )

http://mydocs.epri.com/portal/server.pt?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Journal Articles

PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT OF COMPOSITES PROCESSING THROUGH THE USE OF INDUSTRIAL MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGIES
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 66, 267–285, 2006

http://ceta.mit.edu/PIER/pier66/21.06111901.Ku.pdf

Productivity improvement in heart surgery - a case study on care process development 
Authors: Sauli Karvonen;  Juhani Rm ;  Mauri Leijala ; Jan Holmstrm 
Production Planning & Control, Volume 15, Issue 3 April 2004 , pages 238 - 246

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Books

Total productivity management: a systemic and quantitative approach  By David J. Sumanth
CRC Press, 1998

http://books.google.com/books?id=mLAv09ocvTsC

Creating productive organizations: developing your work force : manual By Elizabeth A. Smith
CRC Press, 1995

http://books.google.com/books?id=piE82NXBHdAC

The productivity manual By Elizabeth A. Smith
1995, Gulf Professional Publishing

http://books.google.com/books?id=zj2jspgdcn4C

Productivity management: a practical handbook, Page 965 By Joseph Prokopenko, International Labour Office
International Labour Organization, 1987

http://books.google.com/books?id=0jyOKj8S_iYC

Productivity: A Practical Program for Improving Efficiency By Clair F. Vough, Bernard Asbell
Productivity Research International, 1986

http://books.google.com/books?id=w5U4HAAACAAJ

________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Original knol - http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/productivity-improvement-idea-bank/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 2331


Updated on 25 Dec 2019
23 March 2012

Labor Productivity Decline - Mistakes of Political Leaders- Capitalists and Managers - Industrial Engineers

Labor productivity should not go down if capital is increasing proportionately in the economy along with increase in population.  If it is going down it may be due to mistakes of planning by managers.


https://leonoudejans.blogspot.com/2019/12/moores-law-and-labour-productivity.html?m=0

21st Century Productivity Research and Development Agenda - Productivity Science, Engineering and Management

https://publications.waset.org/industrial-and-systems-engineering




2015

Book Excerpt March 2015
Manufacturing growth through resource productivity
By Markus Hammer and Ken Somers

http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/manufacturing-growth-through-resource-productivity

Resource productivity must be among the top priorities—if not the top priority—of industrial manufacturers around the world. On the supply side, raw materials are increasingly scarce, making them more difficult and more expensive to procure. We recommend the approach for enhancing resource productivity based on five new core beliefs:

Think lean. 

In lean systems, companies analyze the value stream of a particular manufacturing process and ruthlessly cut away anything that did not clearly add value. This methodology is highly synergistic with resource productivity. Companies have to  seek and eliminate anything that leads to wasted resources, in both energy and materials.

Think limits. 

In the traditional approach to resource productivity, companies typically start with their existing process as a baseline, and then seek to make incremental improvements from there. The second of our core beliefs—think limits—flips this concept on its head. Instead of using the current process as a baseline, it calculates the theoretical limit of that process—meaning the output from an ideal version, with no mechanical or chemical losses and perfect energy utilization—and establishes that as the baseline.

Think profit per hour. 

Our third core belief—thinking in profit per hour—helps align objectives for the organization. This is critical, because different productivity initiatives often have different goals, which can conflict with one another. Production managers, for example, strive for improvements in output, while energy managers focus on reducing energy consumption. Which one takes precedence? More often than not, the managers themselves don’t know. Reconciling these issues requires a powerful new metric: profit per hour. At the highest level, profit per hour calculates an operation’s gross profit for any given period of time by subtracting overall costs, including energy and resources, from revenue. It is a real-time, operational metric that helps organizations break down silos, giving managers clear visibility into the relationships among different productivity measures.

Think holistic. 

Despite the best intentions, many companies fall short of their resource-productivity goals. Why? Success requires a thorough change-management effort. Managers must set meaningful and achievable goals, and persuade often reluctant organizations to embrace and pursue them. They must secure the buy-in of their employees as well as equip them with the skills and deploy the new management systems needed to improve the way the organization functions. McKinsey spent three years surveying some 600,000 managers, 7,000 senior executives, and leading academics to explore why some transformations fail and others succeed. The results showed that successful transformations are based on three core elements that drive one another like interlocking gears. First are technical systems, meaning the assets and equipment a company owns and the processes people perform with those assets to create value. Second is management infrastructure—the formal structures, processes, and systems that companies use to manage people and the technical systems. Third are mind-sets and behaviors, or the attitudes that drive behavior individually and collectively. Successful companies apply a comprehensive approach that encompasses all three, making them better able to implement and sustain changes to improve resource productivity.

Think circular. 

At a basic level, the global economy relies on taking raw materials out of the ground and making them into finished products, which ultimately get thrown away. It’s a very linear logic—“take, make, dispose”—yet it’s not sustainable in the long run. Instead, the fifth and final core belief is that organizations need to move beyond this linear approach and “think circular.” That is, they should treat supply chains as circles, where they can create new value by looping products, components, and materials back into the production process after they have fulfilled their utility over the product life cycle. This is a complex endeavor—it requires designing products in a new way, adopting business models that go beyond a mere one-time sale, and revamping supplier relationships.







http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/the-productivity-imperative
2010

http://americanmachinist.com/features/technologies-reduce-production-costs
2005

https://www.forging.org/quality-and-productivity
(year not specified)

Major Technology Barriers to Achieving Industry Targets in Quality and Productivity in Forging

Process Monitoring and Control

Lack of cost effective robust, self-tuning sensors
- you cannot control what you cannot sense

Lack of computer controlled forging equipment with feedback

Lack of ways to measure dimensions of hot objects

Process capabilities not sufficient to achieve quality goals

Die material and/or lubrication limitations

Inability to make dies reproducible

Lack of technologies to test materials going to forgers

Inability to reduce variation from raw material to finished product

- microstructure

Process Modeling and Simulation

Too much trial and error -- not enough wide-spread, pc-based simulation tools

Inability to make a good part the first time

Emerging material properties are not well-understood

Lack of reliable, predictive simulation capabilities for the shop floor

Lack of good materials property databases and modeling capabilities

- dimensions

Equipment Limitations

Equipment not capable of producing within limits
- lack of attention to asset maintenance -- equipment and people

Problems with repeatability and reliability with hammer equipment due to process and operator variations

Problems with heating methods and equipment

Lack of equipment optimized for forging industry


Updated on 24 December 2019
12 July 2017

332112 - Productivity and Industrial Engineering in Nonferrous Metals Forging

Hot Upsetting in Production Processes: The Productivity Handbook Roger William Bolz
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=C4SUXiL7gB0C&pg=SA34-PA1&lpg=SA34-PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false

Forging Using Dies and Presses - P.C. Sharma
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GRSbGhQ-ywwC&pg=PA147#v=onepage&q&f=false


FORGING OF NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
The automotive and aerospace industries make heavy use of 6000 and 7000 series aluminum alloy forgings. The consumer goods industries rely heavily on parts forged in copper alloys such as brass.
The electronics industry makes use of forged copper components.


AUTOMOTIVE & TRUCK
The characteristics of forged parts strength, reliability and economy are what makes them ideal for vital automotive and truck applications. Forged components are commonly found at points of shock and stress such as wheel spindles, kingpins, axle beams and shafts, torsion bars, ball studs, idler arms, pitman arms and steering arms. Another common application is in the powertrain, where connecting rods, transmission shafts and gears, differential gears, drive shafts, clutch hubs and universal joints are often forged. Although typically forged from carbon or alloy steel, other materials such as aluminum and microalloyed steels are seeing great advances in forged auto and truck applications.
https://www.forging.org/common-application-forged-components

Forging Notes For Non-Ferrous Metals
http://globalsteelweb.com/eguide/pow/nonferrous/forging.html




Good documents for Google Search  productivity forging machine

Automation in Forging Industry Speeds Production and Increases Safety
Stephen Armstrong | Ajax-CECO
04/04/19
https://www.manufacturingtomorrow.com/article/2019/04/automation-in-forging-industry-speeds-production-and-increases-safety/13191



2008
FOUR STRATEGIC IMPERATIVES for the Industry identified by Forging Industry Association

ƒ Operational Excellence – Higher levels of operational excellence needs to be achieved by improving productivity and efficiency, and reducing costs, waste, and environmental impact. Operational excellence reflects a strategic mindset in which the industry casts a critical eye on the current practices, methods, techniques, and processes of forging and asks how can we do it better.

ƒ Capability Development – Capability development both at the industry and firm levels has to focus on  workforce development, best practices, technology development, and the pursuit of new markets. Capability development reflects a strategic mindset in which the industry looks behind the activity to the skills, expertise, and know-how that enable the activity. It asks “What do we currently know and what else could we know in the future?
This is a critical next step in becoming stronger and more competitive because it increases  the
industry’s ability to adapt and pursue new markets. New capabilities that are hard to imitate
enable a sustainable competitive advantage.

ƒ Collaborative Partnerships – Collaboration with multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, academic institutions, customers, suppliers, and even competitors is needed to support growth. With both operational excellence and capability development, the focus tends
to be inward, with the industry examining itself. Collaborative partnership, on the other hand,
reflects a strategic mindset that is more outward looking. It asks “What could we know and do
together?” This is another critical step toward becoming stronger and more competitive because
it allows for more than a purely adversarial conception of business. Government is seen as a
research partner rather than indifferent regulator. Foreign firms are seen as potential allies rather
than just potential threats.

ƒ Product & Market Innovation – Deliberate and systematic customer focus at an industry level is required. Product and market innovation reflects a strategic mindset in which the industry casts a critical eye on the relationship with customers. It asks “How well do we serve our customers, how might we serve them better, and who else might we be able to serve?”

This is the capstone of becoming stronger and more competitive. It recognizes that value is defined by the customer and that what customers desire is always subject to change. To understand and serve migrating customer needs, an industry must be able to reinvent both its product and the relationship it has with its customers.
https://www.forging.org/system/files/field_document/2008-Forging-Roadmap-Update.pdf

Simulation of the forging Process

The Advantages derived from Virtually Simulating the forging process

Simulation of the forging process provides means to minimize production defects through a better understanding of the material flow in the die cavities.

More specifically simulation of the process allows engineers to:

test different configuration with changes in the billet dimension, its position with respect to the dies, the dies shape, all without having to physically produce the dies and test them in the real world.

increase collaboration with the customer who can evaluate and approve the proposed changes in the design on the basis of objective evidence provided by the software.

improve part quality, starting from the geometry to the elimination of folds and internal defects.

reduce scrap material

improve the die life by decreasing punches and insert stresses, deflection and wear

make the correct press choice, avoiding overloading and balancing action on the press components
http://www.enginsoft.com/technologies/metal-process-simulation/forging-of-non-ferrous-alloys.html




Forging Companies

http://www.es-met.com/index_en.php
Drop forging on non-ferrous metals



India
http://www.aluminiumforgingindia.com/non-ferrous-forged-products.html

http://www.forgingsindia.com/forging-components.html


IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF FORGING TOOLS — A CASE STUDY
H-W. Brockhaus
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld GmbH
Quality Department Tool Steels
Witten, Germany
A. Guderjahn
Thyssen Edelstahl Service GmbH
 Krefeld, Germany
I. Schruff
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld GmbH
Research Tool Steels
 Krefeld, Germany
6TH INTERNATIONAL TOOLING CONFERENCE
1998?




Production Processes: The Productivity Handbook
Roger William Bolz
Industrial Press Inc., 1977 - Technology & Engineering - 1089 pages
Reviews all the latest developments and refinements, including their design details, materials, practical tolerances, and working finishes. Features over 1,200 charts and illustrations in 69 chapters. Allows the reader to objectively evaluate and compare different processes and equipment with their inherent advantages for any particular application.
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=C4SUXiL7gB0C



Updated on 24 Dece 2019

332 - North American Industry Classification System - Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing - Productivity

The Classification System

(Productivity Related Links are in a separate section below)

332 Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing

3321 Forging and StampingT
33211 Forging and StampingT
332111 Iron and Steel Forging
332112 Nonferrous Forging
332114 Custom Roll Forming
332117 Powder Metallurgy Part Manufacturing
332119 Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive)

3322 Cutlery and Handtool ManufacturingT
33221 Cutlery and Handtool ManufacturingT
332215 Metal Kitchen Cookware, Utensil, Cutlery, and Flatware (except Precious) Manufacturing

332216 Saw Blade and Handtool Manufacturing
3323 Architectural and Structural Metals ManufacturingT
33231 Plate Work and Fabricated Structural Product ManufacturingT
332311 Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing
332312 Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
332313 Plate Work Manufacturing
33232 Ornamental and Architectural Metal Products ManufacturingT
332321 Metal Window and Door Manufacturing
332322 Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
332323 Ornamental and Architectural Metal Work Manufacturing

3324 Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container ManufacturingT
33241 Power Boiler and Heat Exchanger ManufacturingT
332410 Power Boiler and Heat Exchanger Manufacturing
33242 Metal Tank (Heavy Gauge) ManufacturingT
332420 Metal Tank (Heavy Gauge) Manufacturing
33243 Metal Can, Box, and Other Metal Container (Light Gauge) ManufacturingT
332431 Metal Can Manufacturing
332439 Other Metal Container Manufacturing

3325 Hardware ManufacturingT
33251 Hardware ManufacturingT
332510 Hardware Manufacturing

3326 Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing
33261 Spring and Wire Product ManufacturingT
332613 Spring Manufacturing
332618 Other Fabricated Wire Product Manufacturing

3327 Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and Bolt ManufacturingT
33271 Machine ShopsT
332710 Machine Shops
33272 Turned Product and Screw, Nut, and Bolt ManufacturingT
332721 Precision Turned Product Manufacturing
332722 Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing

3328 Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied ActivitiesT
33281 Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied ActivitiesT
332811 Metal Heat Treating
332812 Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers
332813 Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring

3329 Other Fabricated Metal Product ManufacturingT
33291 Metal Valve ManufacturingT
332911 Industrial Valve Manufacturing
332912 Fluid Power Valve and Hose Fitting Manufacturing
332913 Plumbing Fixture Fitting and Trim Manufacturing
332919 Other Metal Valve and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
33299 All Other Fabricated Metal Product ManufacturingT
332991 Ball and Roller Bearing Manufacturing
332992 Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
332993 Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing
332994 Small Arms, Ordnance, and Ordnance Accessories Manufacturing
332996 Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
332999 All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing

332 Productivity and Industrial Engineering in Metal Product Manufacturing

332 Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing

3321 Forging and Stamping

33211 Forging and Stamping

332111 Iron and Steel Forging
Productivity and IE in Iron and Steel Forging

332112 Nonferrous Forging
332112 - Productivity and Industrial Engineering in Nonferrous Metals Forging

332114 Custom Roll Forming
332117 Powder Metallurgy Part Manufacturing
332119 Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive)


3322 Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing

33221 Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing

332215 Metal Kitchen Cookware, Utensil, Cutlery, and Flatware (except Precious) Manufacturing
332216 Saw Blade and Handtool Manufacturing



3323 Architectural and Structural Metals ManufacturingT
33231 Plate Work and Fabricated Structural Product ManufacturingT
332311 Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing
332312 Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing
332313 Plate Work Manufacturing
33232 Ornamental and Architectural Metal Products ManufacturingT
332321 Metal Window and Door Manufacturing

332322 Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing
332323 Ornamental and Architectural Metal Work Manufacturing



3324 Boiler, Tank, and Shipping Container Manufacturing
33241 Power Boiler and Heat Exchanger Manufacturing
332410 Power Boiler and Heat Exchanger Manufacturing
33242 Metal Tank (Heavy Gauge) ManufacturingT
332420 Metal Tank (Heavy Gauge) Manufacturing
33243 Metal Can, Box, and Other Metal Container (Light Gauge) ManufacturingT
332431 Metal Can Manufacturing
332439 Other Metal Container Manufacturing


3325 Hardware ManufacturingT
33251 Hardware ManufacturingT
332510 Hardware Manufacturing


3326 Spring and Wire Product ManufacturingT
33261 Spring and Wire Product ManufacturingT
332613 Spring Manufacturing
332618 Other Fabricated Wire Product Manufacturing

3327 Machine Shops; Turned Product; and Screw, Nut, and Bolt Manufacturing

33271 Machine Shops

332710 Machine Shops

332710 - Productivity in Machine Shops - Industrial Engineering and Lean Thinking

332710G - Grinding - Productivity and Industrial Engineering



33272 Turned Product and Screw, Nut, and Bolt Manufacturing
332721 Precision Turned Product Manufacturing
332722 Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing


3328 Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied ActivitiesT

33281 Coating, Engraving, Heat Treating, and Allied Activities

332811 Metal Heat Treating
332812 Metal Coating, Engraving (except Jewelry and Silverware), and Allied Services to Manufacturers
332813 Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring


3329 Other Fabricated Metal Product ManufacturingT
33291 Metal Valve ManufacturingT

332911 Industrial Valve Manufacturing

332912 Fluid Power Valve and Hose Fitting Manufacturing
332913 Plumbing Fixture Fitting and Trim Manufacturing
332919 Other Metal Valve and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
33299 All Other Fabricated Metal Product ManufacturingT
332991 Ball and Roller Bearing Manufacturing
332992 Small Arms Ammunition Manufacturing
332993 Ammunition (except Small Arms) Manufacturing
332994 Small Arms, Ordnance, and Ordnance Accessories Manufacturing
332996 Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing
332999 All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing


Updated on 24 December 2019, 15 November 2014

Productivity Science of Machines and Machine Operations and Elements - Bibliography

A METHODOLOGY FOR ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN CENTERLESS GRINDING
Machining Science and Technology
An International Journal
Volume 16, 2012 - Issue 3

Centerless grinding is an abrasive machining process commonly used in the aerospace and automotive industries for shaping axisymmetric components that require a high dimensional accuracy and a smooth surface finish.

To improve operation efficiency, a science-based approach for selecting the optimum process parameters must be developed. In this article, a methodology combining several analytical and experimental techniques is presented for optimizing the key process parameters in plunge centerless grinding of Inconel 718 and Ti-6Al-4V superalloy fasteners.  The results show that the implementation of The results show that the implementation of optimum material removal rates can lead to an appreciable reduction in the cost of the operation while satisfying the constraints imposed on the machine tool and the workpiece quality.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10910344.2012.698958?src=recsys&journalCode=lmst20

Engineering Alternatives - 2019 Collection

Carbon brakes in place of steel brakes in aircraft

https://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_03_09/article_05_1.html

Fly ash in concrete

Fly ash is a pozzolan, a substance containing aluminous and siliceous material that forms cement in the presence of water. When mixed with lime and water, fly ash forms a compound similar to Portland cement.
One of the most common uses of fly ash is in Portland cement concrete pavement or PCC pavement. Road construction projects using PCC can use a great deal of concrete, and substituting fly ash provides significant economic benefits.
The rate of substitution—of fly ash for Portland cement—typically specified is 1 to 1 1/2 pounds of fly ash for 1 pound of cement.
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/fly-ash-applications-844761


Centerless Grinding 
Advantages compared with conventional cylindrical grinding

High productivity
There is no need to clamp the workpiece. This results in very short auxilary times related to loading and removing the workpieces, and even those are typically much shorter than the process for clamping between centres. For centerless throughfeed grinding, one workpiece is immediately followed by the next. Auxilary time for infeed are thus very short.
https://www.mikrosa.com/en/centerless-grinding-machines/grinding-knowledge-centerless-grinding/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-centerless-grinding/



Alloy 1580, a new, high strength Al-Mg alloy developed for UC Rusal by scientists at Siberian Federal University (SFU). It contains a record low percentage of scandium (0.10%) and zirconium, which has slashed production costs by more than US$ 3000 per tonne.
https://aluminiuminsider.com/aluminium-alloys-automotive-industry-handy-guide/

New, More Economical Scandium-Aluminium Alloy for Shipbuilding Industry

MAR. 14, 2018
https://aluminiuminsider.com/rusal-developing-new-economical-scandium-aluminium-alloy-shipbuilding-industry/



New low-cost, lightweight magnesium sheet alloy with good formability for automotive applications; 1.5x stronger than aluminum

24 July 2017
A research team at Japan’s National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and Nagaoka University of Technology has developed a new high-strength magnesium sheet alloy (Mg–1.1Al–0.3Ca–0.2Mn–0.3Zn) that has excellent room-temperature formability comparable to that of the aluminum sheet metal currently used in body panels of some automobiles.

Named AXMZ1000, the newly developed alloy has room temperature formability comparable to that of medium strength aluminum alloys that are used in some automobile bodies. In addition, the new alloy is 1.5 to 2.0 times stronger than the aluminum alloy.

The addition of very small amounts of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) led to the formation of fine grain structures; the high strength was accomplished by adding aluminum (Al) and calcium (Ca), which induced the strengthening of the alloy by the formation of atomic clusters.

The newly developed alloy is composed of only common metals, so the material cost is not expensive. It can be rolled into sheets using simple processes and heat treatments commonly used for aluminum alloys.
https://www.greencarcongress.com/2017/07/20170724-nims.html


Low-Cost Recycled Composites for Automotive
Dr Jody Muelaner posted on February 01, 2019
https://www.engineering.com/AdvancedManufacturing/ArticleID/18311/Low-Cost-Recycled-Composites-for-Automotive.aspx

Zero Tillage Farming

http://www.fao.org/3/Y2638E/y2638e04.htm
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_tillage_modernconcepts.html

For farmers across the country, it comes as no surprise to hear that conservation tillage practices – particularly continuous no-till – can save time and money compared to conventional tillage. The potential benefits of no-till are well-documented, from improving soil health to reducing annual fuel and labor investments.
https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2017/11/30/saving-money-time-and-soil-economics-no-till-farming

Aluminium conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR)

Aluminium conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) is a type of high-capacity, high-strength stranded conductor typically used in overhead power lines. The outer strands are high-purity aluminium, chosen for its good conductivity, low weight and low cost.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium-conductor_steel-reinforced_cable

https://www.midalcable.com/overhead-line-conductors/acsr-aluminium-conductor-steel-reinforced

Noryl (plastic)

Study on Cost Economics of both Polymer and Metal Centrifugal Pumps
A. Rama Rao1*, G. Ravi Babu2, D. Bhaskara Rao3
and V. Srinivasa Rao4
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kondempudi, Visakhapatnam, India
2 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering,
Bapatla, India
3 Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, India
4 Department of Statistics and Mathematics, Agricultural College, Bapatla, India
https://www.ijcmas.com/7-10-2018/A.%20Rama%20Rao,%20et%20al.pdf



Duct Wrap
Duct wrap is a perfectly viable alternative that will offer the same or similar thermal performance and typically at a lower cost than duct liner.
https://www.jm.com/en/blog/2017/july/duct-liner-vs-duct-wrap-which-one-is-best-for-your-application/




Ideas - Main Contribution is from Students Section G - PGP NITIE of Year 2019 - 21
in Industrial Engineering and Productivity Management Paper