Industrial Engineering is System Efficiency Engineering. It is Machine Effort and Human Effort Engineering. 2.26 Million Page View Blog. 193,075 visitors. Blog Provides Industrial Engineering Knowledge: Articles, Books, Case Studies, Course Pages and Materials, Lecture Notes, Project Reviews, Research Papers Study Materials, and Video Lectures. Blog provides full IE Online Course Notes
Saturday, January 28, 2023
Machine Tool Productivity Improvement
Productivity Foreman and Quality Foreman - Do You Have in IE Department - Quality Department - Production Department?
Productivity foreman must have the skill to complete the task in standard time and then must be able to guide and train operators to do in standard time.
Quality foreman must have the skill to complete the task with required quality in specified standard time and then train operators to produce quality output.
Do you have productivity foreman and quality foreman recommended by F.W. Taylor?
Functional Foremanship - F.W. Taylor.
Lesson 342 of Industrial Engineering ONLINE Course/Productivity Management Module.
#IndustrialEngineering #CostReduction #ProductivityManagement
http://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2013/08/functional-foremanship-fw-taylor.html
Machine Work Study - Productivity Improvement Based on Machine and Machine Work Redesign
Three Major Channels of Process Improvement.
Machine Work Study - Innovation in Industrial Engineering by Narayana Rao K.V.S.S.
Taylor's Industrial Engineering
Machine Work Study – Industrial Engineering Analysis of Machine in Production System - A Presentation
Machine Work Study – Man Work Study – Taylor’s Conceptualization of Scientific Study of Man-Machine Systems is a presentation done by Dr. K.V.S.S. Narayana Rao, Professor, (NITIE), in December 2015
Taylor (1911) “The Principles of Scientific Management” - Scientific management in a machine shop.
Taylor described the implementation of scientific management in a machine shop.
First Stage – Machine Related Improvements
The slide-rules developed for determining optimal speeds and feeds were used to determine the optimal speed and feed for every element of work done on this machine.
The Pulling power of the machine at its various speeds and feeds was determined.
The belt drive and pulleys of the machine were adjusted so that the machine can be run at the proper speed for each element.
The shape of tools was specified and the tools made of high-speed steel (already in use in the company) were properly dressed, treated, and ground.
After preparing the machine, tools and instruction cards in this way, the machinist was asked to work according to the new instruction card and all varieties of work were finished on the lathe and the times were recorded.
The gain in time was found to range from two and one-half times to nine times.
Handwork of Operators – Time and Motion Study
The change from rule-of-thumb management to scientific management involves, however, not only a study of machine effort, that is the proper speed for doing the work and a remodelling of the tools and the implements in the shop, but also study of human effort.
Hence elaborate analysis of the hand work was done.
Hand work depends upon the manual dexterity and speed of a workman, independent of the work done by the machine. On some machines, the time saved by scientific hand work was greater than that saved in machine-work.
Industrial Engineering Discipline - Neglected Machine Productivity Improvement
Industrial Engineering discipline has not developed a subject for analysis of machine related elements and over time the area got neglected. Facilities planning and Material Handling were included in IE programmes but they were also not integrated adequately with process improvement (productivity engineering) function adequately.
Early Authors on Scientific Management.
They recognized the machine work improvement.
Bertrand Thompson (wrote between 1914 to 1920)
Scientific management was implemented - first, by determining with the aid of experienced investigators the best materials, equipment, machine methods and man methods to use. In many machine shops, it was the practice to issue to the workman an instruction card containing directions as to feeds, speeds, tools, and times of machine elements and also the manual elements with their standard times in their proper sequence. The combination of machine work improvement and man work improvement resulted in substantial improvements in machine shop work
Malcolm Keir (1918)
Scientific management advocates development of science and a thorough investigation of the work involving analysis of materials, equipment, environment; motion study, fatigue study, time study; research into the laws of health, psychological experiment and community improvement.
Farquhar (1919)
Difference between improving impersonal means of production and human effort in production.
In his paper, he took up for description first, the mechanical phase - the more purely impersonal aspects - divorced so far as possible from the human factor. He stated that the two were to a certain extent interactive, yet sufficiently distinct to warrant separate treatment.
H.B. Maynard (1927 & 1937)
H.B. Maynard, a popular industrial engineer of the next generation, was a coauthor of "Time and Motion Study and Formulas for Wage Incentives" Stewart McKinley Lowry, Harold Bright Maynard, Gustave James Stegemerten, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Incorporated, 1927. In that book "operation analysis" was described. It evaluated various aspects of the production system including the machine. Maynard and Stegemerten later authored "Operation Analysis" in which they discussed each and every step of operation analysis in a separate chapter. This book should have been included in IE curriculums.
One Conclusion
There is a need for developing a subject of machine element analysis in IE curriculum based on the definition. "Industrial engineering is system efficiency engineering and human effort engineering" by Narayana Rao.
Machine Work Study Case Study - SMT Machine - Production Line - Productivity Improvement
What should we pay attention to when using a dispensing machine?
Ralph Barnes - Machine Work Study Indication
What are the question that can be asked and evaluated in machine work study? - Barnes
Based on the questions suggested Barnes:
1. What is the operation?
2. What is the purpose of the operation?
3. What is the transformation of the material required?
4. What is the equipment now used?
5. What are the alternative equipments?
For example see the U20 Die Casting Machine
6. What are the cutting tools now used?
7. What are alternative cutting tools?
See the case studies of benefits of alternative cutting realized by many machining organizations.
Cutting Tool Alternatives for Machine Process IE - Cost and Productivity Benefits
8. What are the cutting parameters now used?
9. What are the alternative cutting parameters?
10. What should be the best specifications for machine and machine parameters for the minimum cost that does the required material transformation reliably and accurately?
Six sigma studies in machining process provide number of examples of determining the best specification for cutting parameters.
In doing six sigma studies, "Boundary Limit Strategy" has to be used.
Technical constraints which act as boundary limits are to be first ascertained, and then, bearing in mind economic considerations, working point within these limits are to be determined using optimization studies. direct analytical, evolutionary optimization or six sigma optimization.
See for examples Six Sigma in Machining Processes
Questions on Machine, Equipment and Tools - Maynard and Stegemerten (1939)
Barnes has focused on the motions and activities of the operators and he mentioned machines in a brief manner. It is Maynard and Stegemerten who documented the practice of Westinghouse in the book "Operational Analysis." In this description of productivity improvement many aspects related to machine are covered first and then only at the end of standardizing the machine related aspects, motion study, the work of the operator is investigated.The following questions are suggested by Maynard and Stegemerten for logical analysis of machine, equipment and tools.
About Machine
2. Would the purchase of a better machine be justified?
About Fixture - Workholding
3. Can the work be held in the machine by other means to better advantage?
4. Should a vise be used?
5. Should a jig be used?
6. Should clamps be used?
7. Is the jig design good from a motion-economy standpoint?
8. Can the part be inserted and removed quickly from the jig?
9. Would quick-acting cam-actuated tightening mechanisms be desirable on vise, jig, or clamps?
10. Can ejectors for automatically removing part when vise or jig is opened be installed?
11. Is chuck of best type for the purpose?
12. Would special jaws be better?
13. Should a multiple fixture be provided?
14. Should duplicate holding means be provided so that one may be loaded while machine is making a cut on a part held in the other?
About Cutting Tools
15. Are the cutters proper?
16. Should high-speed steel or cemented carbide cutting tool be used?
17. Are tools properly ground?
18. Is the necessary accuracy readily obtainable with tool and fixture equipment available?
19. Are all operators and machines provided with the same tools?
20. Can a special tool be made to improve the operation?
About Inspection or Dimension Checking
21. If accurate work is necessary, are proper gages or other measuring instruments provided?
22. Are gages or other measuring instruments checked for accuracy from time to time?
A special list might well be drawn up by each individual plant to cover the questions on the kind of machines, machine tools that are used in its own work.
Machine Work Study - Introduction - YouTube Video Presentation
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Machine Work Study: Methods, Techniques and Tools - YouTube Video Presentation
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Machine Work Study - Lessons
Study of machine work has to begin with production engineering lessons related to the machine in use. In this series of lessons of machine tool work is covered.Metal Cutting Theory - Productivity Focus Lessons
50
Metal Cutting Processes - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2020/07/metal-cutting-processes-industrial.html
News - Information for Maintenance Operation Analysis
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2020/07/news-information-for-maintenance.html
Machine Tools - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
52
Machining Cutting Tools - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
53
Machine Tool Toolholders - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
54
Metal Cutting Temperatures - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
55
Machining Process Simulation - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Analysis
56
Cutting Tool Wear and Tool Life Analysis - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
57
Surface Finish - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
58
Work Material - Machinability - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
59
Machine Rigidity - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
60
Machining Time Reduction - Machining Cost Reduction - Industrial Engineering of Machining Operations
61
Machine Tool Cutting Fluids - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
62
High Speed Machining - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
63
Design for Machining - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects
Process Planning of Machining
64.
Production Process Planning - Foundation for Production
65.
Assembly Design - Process Planning & Industrial Engineering Perspective
66.
Technical Drawings - Important Guidelines - Process Planning and Industrial Engineering
67.
Selection of Metal Removal Processes - Initial Steps - Process Planning and Process Industrial Engineering
68.
Fixturing and Clamping the Work Piece - Process Planning and Process Industrial Engineering
69.
Determining Depth of Cuts for Multiple Cuts - Process Planning and Process Industrial Engineering
70.
Selecting Cutting Speed - Process Planning and Process Industrial Engineering
71.
Selecting a Machine for the Operation - Process Planning and Process Industrial Engineering
72.
Selecting Tools for a Machining Operation - Process Planning and Process Industrial Engineering
Process Industrial Engineering - Methods and Techniques
74.
Part 2: Process Industrial Engineering - Methods and Techniques
75.
Process Charts, Maps, Diagrams and Operation Analysis Sheet
77.
Toyota Style Industrial Engineering - Toyota Process Maps - Process Improvement - Process Metrics
78.
Process and Operation Productivity Analysis and Engineering
80.
Machine Work Study - Productivity Improvement Based on Machine and Machine Work Redesign
Process Analysis for Productivity Improvement Opportunities
Productivity Engineering
Now the machine shop process industrial engineering that includes all focus areas of industrial engineering is developed.
Machine Shop Process Industrial Engineering
Productivity Science
Productivity Science of Machining - Stephenson - Agapiou
IE Measurements
Process Industrial Engineering - Process Alternatives and Economic Analysis of IE Proposed Alternatives
IEOR - Optimization in Machining Processes
IE Statistics Optimization - Six Sigma Method
Human Effort Engineering in Machine Shop
Applied Industrial Engineering in Machine Shop
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2020/04/machine-shop-process-industrial.html
Lesson 80 of Industrial Engineering ONLINE Course
Updated on 28.1.2022, 19.8.2022, 30.5.2022, 16 Oct 2021, 18 August 2021, 16 May 2021, 1 March 2021, 5 August 2020, 23 May 2020, 11 May 2020,
16 November 2019, 4 July 2019,
27 June 2019,
Friday, January 27, 2023
Quality Principle of Industrial Engineering
Industrial engineering is concerned with redesign of engineering systems with a view to improve their productivity. Industrial engineers analyze productivity of each resource used in engineering systems and redesign as necessary to improve productivity.
Defects reduce productivity. Hence reducing defects is part of industrial engineering work. Reducing defects in production and reducing defects in incoming materials is part of industrial engineering.
It has to be ensured that the increase in productivity due to the use of low-cost materials, processes and increasing speed of machines and men, should not lead to any decrease in quality of the output. Hence in each step of productivity improvement, IEs have to make sure that the quality of the system does not go down.
Productivity Engineering - Principle of Industrial Engineering
TAYLOR - NARAYANA RAO PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Download full paper - Principles of Industrial Engineering
IISE Annual Conference Proceedings - 2017. Industrial and Systems Engineering Conference, Proquest
INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERS
Productivity Science - Productivity Engineering - Productivity Management - Important Steps of Industrial Engineering
2-Productivity Engineering |
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Productivity Engineering - Principle of Industrial Engineering
Industrial engineering is primarily engineering redesign to improve productivity. Productivity engineering can be an alternative name to industrial engineering. Efficiency engineering is also an alternative name and it was used for the discipline by some authors.
It has to be ensured that the increase in productivity due to the use of low-cost materials, processes and increasing speed of machines and men, should not lead to any decrease in quality of the output.
Similarly, operators should not feel any discomfort, not have any health problems or safety issues in the redesigned more productive processes.
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Productivity Engineering
Productivity Engineering - Focus Areas of Industrial Engineering
Principles of Productivity Engineering - Mundel - Nadler
Methods Redesign for Efficiency/Productivity - Material, Product Design, Material Transformation Steps, Machine Effort, Human Effort - Marvin Mundel, Gerald Nadler
Nadler credits Mundel for the following steps to be followed in methods redesign.
Product Industrial Engineering
2. Change the present or contemplated design of product to help meet the goal for the operation being studied.
Process Industrial Engineering
3. Change the present or contemplated sequence of modification work on the material or product to help meet the goal of for operation being studied.
4. Change the equipment used or contemplated for the operation to help meet the goal for the operation being studied.
Human Effort Industrial Engineering
5. Change the method or hand pattern used or contemplated for the operation to help the goal for operation being studied.
Industrial Engineering FREE Online Course Modules
Productivity Engineering - Productivity Improvement Techniques (PITs)
Process (Task) Based PITs
1. Methods Engineering
New Productivity Improvement Techniques (PITs)
Technology Based PITs
1. Industry 4.0 Technology Set and Applications
2. Artificial Intelligence
3. Data and Business Analytics
4. Autonomation
5. PokaYoke
Product Based PITs
1. Design to Cost
2. Design for Value
3. Frugal Innovation
4. Smart Products
Principles of Industrial Engineering - Narayana Rao - Detailed List
Updated 2023 - 27.1.2023
2018 - 25 May
First Published 29 June 2017
Thursday, January 26, 2023
Operational Excellence - The Concept - The Practice
Excellence is Exceeding Customer Expectations.
Operational Excellence, is a broader methodology that aims to improve the overall performance of an organization by aligning all aspects of the business with the company's vision and strategy.
It emphasizes the importance of leadership, culture, and employee engagement to create and drive a culture of excellence and continuous improvement . Operational Excellence function can use all tools or techniques. Its aim is to bring the entire organization together to strive for excellence.
https://www.reliableplant.com/operational-excellence-31886
https://instituteopex.org/what-is-operational-excellence/
Industrial Engineering - Lean Six Sigma and Operational Excellence - Difference
Industrial engineering is engineering activity to support managers to increase productivity and reduce costs in engineering systems and processes and thereby products and services at lower units costs.
Interesting explanation by Joseph Paris
The differences between Lean Six Sigma and Operational Excellence
Lean Six Sigma and Operational Excellence are both methodologies that aim to improve the performance and efficiency of an organization, but they have some key differences.
Lean Six Sigma is a methodology that combines the principles of Lean manufacturing and Six Sigma to eliminate waste and defects in an organization's processes. It is focused on finding and removing the causes of problems using data and statistical analysis. The goal of Lean Six Sigma is to improve the quality and efficiency of processes, resulting in cost savings and increased customer satisfaction.
Operational Excellence, on the other hand, is a broader methodology that aims to improve the overall performance of an organization by aligning all aspects of the business with the company's vision and strategy. It emphasizes the importance of leadership, culture, and employee engagement to drive continuous improvement and create a culture of excellence. Operational Excellence is not limited to specific tools or techniques but aims to bring the entire organization together to strive for excellence.
In summary, Lean Six Sigma is a methodology that specifically focuses on improving the efficiency and quality of processes using data and statistical analysis, while Operational Excellence is a broader methodology that focuses on aligning all aspects of the business with the company's vision and strategy and creating a culture of excellence throughout the organization.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/artificial-intelligence-continuous-improvement-joseph-paris/
CNC Sewing Machines - Productivity & Quality Benefits
HOW TO CHOOSE A CNC MACHINE-FROM USAGE APPLICATION TO PATTERN MAKING OF THE AUTOMATIC SEWING MACHINE
Published on August 11, 2021
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/how-choose-cnc-machine-from-usage-application-pattern-light-ma/
Monday, January 23, 2023
The Evolution of Productivity Management
The Evolution of Productivity Management
Chapter of Productivity Management in Engineering Organizations - Online Book
The Evolution of Productivity Management - Important Contributors and Their Contributions and Systems
F.W. Taylor
Piece Rate System
Shop Management
Scientific Management
Frank Gilbreth
Motion Study
Applied Scientific Management
Paul Mali
Improving Total Productivity - Paul Mali 1978 - Chapter Summaries
1981
Total Involvement as a Productivity Strategy
Ian RollandChairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lincoln National Life Insurance Company
and President and chief executive officer of Lincoln National Corporation Company in Fort
Wayne, Indiana.
Robert Janson
Executive vice-president of Roy W. Walters & Associates, Inc., consultants to management, in Mahwah, New Jersey.
California Management Review, WINTER / 1981 / VOL. XXIV / NO. 2, pp. 40-48
• Productivity is a long-term survival issue. Unless a company focuses on productivity as a key
ingredient of their corporate philosophy, it won't survive.
• Companies must plan for productivity. Productivity does not just happen. It requires a strategy that is comprehensive, long-range, and monitored. It requires rational, purposeful behavior on the part of everyone.
• Employee security must be assured. Productivity should not be looked at as cost cutting or it
will make people insecure. This does not mean that they won't be doing different things, however.
• Employee involvement is the key ingredient to productivity. Management must create a
structure that focuses people's energy inward to their own jobs and organization rather than
how unhappy they are or how bad the organization is.
• Ownership and commitment are essential. Unless everyone feels part of the effort and looks on it as something that will help them, it won't work.
• Productivity and individual responsibility work together. An organization should be designed
for accountability to the lowest possible level. This requires in many cases a broad redesign
of tasks and jobs.
• Productivity is a very complex issue. The important thing is to have a strategy that is long term,
with measurable goals. Individual units will have different applications.
• A good strategy will have multiple phases. The effort should not be looked at as a "quick
fix." It takes time to move the organization in a new direction.
• Productivity strategies must support and strengthen the business mission. The mission
of the company, with its goals and objectives, comes before individual productivity efforts.
David J. Sumanth (1984)
D. Scott Sink (1985)
The essence of productivity management process is to direct and motivate productivity planning and action through the productivity measurement system.
A Synopsis of Productivity Management
Prem Vrat, G.D. Sardana, B.S. Sahay (2009)
Productivity Management
Narayana Rao Kambhampati (2017)
Productivity management is included as a principle in principles of industrial engineering.
(Kambhampati, Venkata Satya Surya Narayana Rao, "Principles of Industrial Engineering", IIE Annual Conference. Proceedings; Norcross (2017): 890-895).
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2017/06/productivity-management-principle-of.html
Productivity management
Principles of Industrial Engineering - 2017
Principles of Industrial Engineering - YouTube Video Presentation
Functions of Industrial Engineering - 2018
Functions of Industrial Engineering - YouTube Video(C) Narayana Rao K.V.S.S. 2019
Next Chapter
4. Total Productivity Management
Productivity Tips in Social Media
Saturday, January 21, 2023
Productivity Management Course Lessons
Companies say they are giving priority to profitability and efficiency amid concerns about macroeconomic conditions.
In many cases, executives say they are looking to deploy new technology to help cut costs.
“We have to be much tougher on costs and achieve the same growth plans with a lot less investment,” Uber Technologies Inc. Chief Executive Dara Khosrowshahi.
“We in the tech industry will have to get more efficient." - Satya Nadella, chief executive of Microsoft Corp.
Creating long-term value and efficiency is key to any organizational transformation, said Ernst & Young CEO Carmine Di Sibio.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-ceos-at-davos-efficient-profitable-operations-take-center-stage-11674151208?st=8gffac5pq3i9x4f&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink
Module of Industrial Engineering FREE ONLINE Course.
1000 persons accessed in the first year (2020-2021). Second time daily sharing (2021-2022) Started on 1 June 2021.
Why Focus on Productivity and Productivity Management?
Chapter of Productivity Management in Engineering Organizations - Online Book
For a Society or a nation to raise the standard of living of its population, it must strive to maximize the return from its resources or improve productivity so that the economy can grow and sustain a better quality of life. (ILO, Introduction to Work Study).
The management of an enterprise is responsible for seeing that the enterprise resources ... are combined in the best possible way to achieve the highest productivity. (ILO, Introduction to Work Study).
The Japanese economy successfully weathered the oil crises of the seventies without suffering serious damage ... This success has been attributed primarily to Japan's high productivity. (Shigeo Shingo)
Productivity is a long-term survival issue. Unless a company focuses on productivity as a key
ingredient of their corporate philosophy, it won't survive. (Ian Rolland and Robert Johnson)
Companies must plan for productivity. Productivity does not just happen. It requires a strategy that is comprehensive, long-range, and monitored. It requires rational, purposeful behavior on the part of everyone. (Ian Rolland and Robert Johnson)
We can easily state that productivity is the only source of real economic growth and progress. A nation must maintain competitive levels of productivity in key industries to even maintain its standard of living in what is becoming an increasingly competitive world market. (D. Scott Sink)
The manufacturing sector of the Japanese economy has led the world in productivity growth rates for almost 30 years. In a number of key industries, Japan has far surpassed the United States in absolute levels of productivity. One factor contributing to Japan's success is its focus on improving competitive capability, efficiency, and "striking power" in strategically selected target industries. (D. Scott Sink)
Japan's government and industry cooperate to manage industrial policy strategically. As part of the strategy, growth, productivity, quality, and innovation are managed systematically in target industries. (D. Scott Sink)
(C) Narayana Rao K.V.S.S. 2019
Review of the Concept and Importance of Productivity
____________________________
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dqVIVjVSoA
Competitiveness, Strategy, and Productivity
Eddy Witzel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0YfKoK2uF0
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337. Functions of Productivity Management
338. The Evolution of Productivity Management
339. Productivity Management - F.W. Taylor
340. Productivity Management in Operations Management Since 1886
341. Productivity Management - Improving Productivity - Stevenson in Operations Management Book
342. Functional Foremanship - F.W. Taylor
Harrington Emerson - 12 Principles of Efficiency - Productivity Management
344. Harrington Emerson - The First Efficiency Principle: Clearly Defined Ideals (Objectives and Goals)
346. Harrington Emerson's The Seventh Efficiency (Productivity Management) Principle: Despatching.
347. Harrington Emerson's Eighth Efficiency (Productivity Management) Principle: Standards and Schedules
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2013/10/chapter-10x-eighth-principle-standards.html
348. Harrington Emerson's Ninth Efficiency (Productivity Management) Principle: Standardized Conditions.
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2013/10/chapter-11-ninth-principle-standardized.html
349. Harrington Emerson's Tenth Efficiency (Productivity Management) Principle: Standardized Operations.
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2013/10/chapter-12-tenth-principle-standardized.html
350. Harrington Emerson's Eleventh Efficiency (Productivity Management) Principle: Written Standard-Practice Instructions.
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2013/10/chapter-xiii-eleventh-principle-written.html
351. Harrington Emerson's Twelfth Efficiency (Productivity Management) Principle: Efficiency Reward.
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2013/10/chapter-14-twelfth-principle-efficiency.html
352. Harrington Emerson: 12 Efficiency Principles Applied to Measurement and Cure of Wastes.
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2013/10/chapter-15-efficiency-principles.html
354. Industrial Engineering - Its Role in Productivity Improvement
356. Manufacturing Cost Reduction Policy Deployment - Introduction.
357. Organizing for Industrial Engineering Department and Function
358. Resourcing for IE Department and Productivity Improvement Projects
361. Productivity Control - Productivity Management - Koontz & O'Donnell
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2022/03/productivity-control.html
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2021/06/principles-of-productivity-management.html
366. Industrial Engineering Strategy
367. Success Stories - Industrial Engineering, Productivity Improvement and Productivity Management
Productivity Month in India - 30 Lessons starting from 12 February 2022
Ud. 21.1.2023, 6.3.2022, 12.2.2022, 31.1.2022, 9.9.2021, 29.8.2021