Lesson 8 of Industrial Engineering ONLINE Course - Introduction to Industrial Engineering Module
Accompanying case study: GE going strong on Lean & Kaizen. GlaxoSmithKline - GE - Industrial Engineering Activities and Jobs
Accompanying case study: GE going strong on Lean & Kaizen. GlaxoSmithKline - GE - Industrial Engineering Activities and Jobs
Productivity Science - Principle of Industrial Engineering in TAYLOR - NARAYANA RAO PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
Develop a science for each element of a man - machine system's work related to efficiency and productivity.
The productivity science developed is the foundation for industrial engineering in productivity engineering and productivity management phases.
F.W. Taylor made the initial experiments to develop productivity science of machines as well as for men. The experiments done by Taylor in the case of machines, tools and cutting parameters were many over a period of 30 years. Similarly, Gilbreth proposed and wrote on the development of science for human effort and he published number of papers in the area of productivity science of human effort. Ralph Barnes did his Phd work in the area of productivity science of human effort.
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Productivity Science Definition
“Productivity science is scientific effort, that in any specific work situation, identifies the appropriate philosophy, culture, systems, processes, technology, methods and human physical action and behavior and elements of each of them of that will maximize positive (social, environmental and economic) outcomes relative to the resources consumed.” - Narayana Rao (IISE 2020 Annual Conference Proceedings)
Productivity science of machine identifies machine related variables that will increase productivity. These variable will be different for different categories of machines even though some variables are more general and apply to all machines or many categories of machines.
Machining or Machine Tool Productivity Science
Variables that have an effect on productivity of machining operations.
1. Selection of the machining process. Right selection of the machining process is important. There can be choice between turning and grinding.
2. Selection of machine tool.
3. Selection of cutting tool.
4. Selection of tool holder. Modular systems, quick change systems etc.
5. Calculation and measurement of cutting forces and their planning using various alternatives.
6. Measurement and planning of temperature in the cutting zone.
7. Selection of fixture. Measurement and planning of clamping forces in fixtures.
8. Tool wear estimation and selection of appropriate tool life.
9. Process planning to attain surface finish required.
10. Understanding the machinability characteristics of the material.
11. Analysis and planning of rigidity and vibrations of the machine.
12. Selection of cutting fluid. Now even dry machining is advocated.
13. Utilizing high speed machines and high throughput machining processes.
14. Utilizing design for machining in the part as well as in planning various cuts.
15. Economic analysis and optimization of machining process
Productivity Science of Machine - Machining - F.W. Taylor
Taylor is the pioneer in doing productivity studies on machine tools.
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2019/09/productivity-science-of-machine.html
Lesson 14. Taylor - Productivity Science of Metal Cutting - Important Points
Productivity Science of Human Effort
Frank B. Gilbreth - VARIABLES THAT AFFECT MOTION ECONOMY
Every element that makes up or affects the amount of work that the worker is able to turn out has to be identified and adjusted appropriately to increase productivity. The variables related to human effort productivity group themselves naturally into the following divisions as per the thinking of Gilbreth:
I. Variables of the Worker.
1 . Anatomy.
2. Brawn.
3. Contentment.
4. Creed.
5. Earning Power.
6. Experience.
7. Fatigue.
8. Habits.
9. Health.
10. Mode of living.
11 . Nutrition.
12. Size.
13. Skill.
14. Temperament.
15. Training.
II. Variables of the Surroundings, Equipment, and Tools.
1. Appliances.
2. Clothes.
3. Colors.
4. Entertainment, music, reading, etc.
5. Heating, Cooling, Ventilating.
6. Lighting.
7. Quality of material.
8. Reward and punishment.
9. Size of unit moved.
10. Special fatigue-eliminating devices.
11. Surroundings.
12. Tools.
13. Union rules.
14. Weight of unit moved.
III. Variables of the Specific Motion.
1. Acceleration.
2. Automaticity.
3. Combination with other motions and sequence.
4. Cost.
5. Direction.
6. Effectiveness.
7. Foot-pounds of work accomplished.
8. Inertia and momentum overcome.
9. Length.
10. Necessity,
11. Path.
12. "Play for position."
13. Speed.
Productivity Science of Human Effort - More Detail - F.W. Gilbreth's Motion Study
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2019/09/productivity-science-of-human-effort-fw.html
Productivity Science - Determinants of Productivity
Frameworks of Productivity Science of Machine Effort and Human Effort by Narayana Rao - Paper is presented in the IISE 2020 Annual Conference and is part of the proceedings.
Frameworks for Productivity Science of Machine Effort and Human Effort
Rao, Kambhampati Venkata Satya Surya Narayana.
IIE Annual Conference. Proceedings; Norcross (2020): 429-434.
https://wcps.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Productivity_Science-A_Global_Movement.pdf
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Kambhampati,Venkata Satya Surya Narayana Rao. (2017). Principles of industrial engineering. IIE Annual Conference.Proceedings, , 890-895. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1951119980
Given by Prof Paul Mali in the year 1978 in Improving Total Productivity, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Fourth Level Factors (Affect most directly): Effectiveness (Focus on customer requirements), Efficiency (Focus on planned resource consumption)
Third Level Factors: Skills, Motivation, Methods, Cost (measurement, may include time and productivity measurements also).
Second Level Factors: Leadership, Experience, Climate, Incentives, Schedules, Organizational structure, Technology and Materials.
First Level Factors (Affect least directly): Abilities, Style, Training, Knowledge, Physical conditions, Unions, Social awareness, Aspiration levels, Processes, Job design, Goals, Policies, R & D, Plant and Equipment, Standards, and Quality.
Development of Science for Working of Machines
Scientific Management in Machine Shop
Development of Science for Working of Man - Motions
Development of Science in Mechanic Arts
H.M. Wilcox
The definition of the word science is knowledge duly arranged and systematized.
The present state of the art of industrial management : majority and minority report of sub-committee on administration ; including discussion (page 1164)
Author American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Subcommittee on Administration.
1912
http://stevens.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4100coll1/id/2423
Oxford Dictionary - Organized body of knowledge that has been accumulated on a subject
A GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY OF PRODUCTIVITY
RICHARD O. MASON
Journal International Journal of General Systems
Volume 5, 1979 - Issue 1
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03081077908960885
Productivity in the Services Sector
Barry P. Bosworth and Jack E. Triplett, January 1, 2000
https://www.brookings.edu/research/productivity-in-the-services-sector/
Productivity in Public and Nonprofit Organizations
Margo Berman
Routledge, 18-Dec-2014 - First published 2006, Business & Economics - 240 pages
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2kPfBQAAQBAJ
‘Smarter, Faster, Better’: The New Science of Productivity
2 June 2016
http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/the-new-science-of-productivity/
The Science of Economic Development and Growth: The Theory of Factor Proportions: The Theory of Factor Proportions
C.C. Onyemelukwe
Routledge, 08-Jul-2016 - Business & Economics - 384 pages
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6mulDAAAQBAJ
David Sumanth on Productivity Science
The International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management aims to address new developments in productivity science, performance measurement and management and to improve individual, group and organizational performance.
IJPPM is the official journal of the World Confederation of Productivity Science
http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/journals/journals.htm?id=ijppm
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Principles of Industrial Engineering - Narayana Rao - Presentation at 2017 IISE Annual Conference - Pittsburgh, USA
23 May 2017
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Principles of Industrial Engineering - Narayana Rao - Detailed List
Clicking on the link will take you to more detailed content on the principle
9. Principles of motion economy to be used in all IE studies in the area of human effort engineering
11. Work measurement
21. Cost measurement
Published version is available in the Proceedings - 2017 Industrial and Systems Engineering Conference of INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERS.
30 Factors that Affect Productivity
Given by Prof Paul Mali in the year 1978 in Improving Total Productivity, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Fourth Level Factors (Affect most directly): Effectiveness (Focus on customer requirements), Efficiency (Focus on planned resource consumption)
Third Level Factors: Skills, Motivation, Methods, Cost (measurement, may include time and productivity measurements also).
Second Level Factors: Leadership, Experience, Climate, Incentives, Schedules, Organizational structure, Technology and Materials.
First Level Factors (Affect least directly): Abilities, Style, Training, Knowledge, Physical conditions, Unions, Social awareness, Aspiration levels, Processes, Job design, Goals, Policies, R & D, Plant and Equipment, Standards, and Quality.
Principles of Productivity Growth
Given by Prof Paul Mali in the year 1978 in Improving Total Productivity, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
1. Principles of Ratio Time Measurement
Productivity is more likely to improve when expected results are measured and made greater in the same time frame that expected resources are measured and made less.
2. Principles of Shared Gain
Productivity increases rapidly when its expected benefits are shared with those who will produce it.
3. Principle of Expectancy Alignment
The greater the alignment of employee expectancies (needs) with organizational objectives (targets), the greater the motivation to accomplish both.
4. Principle of Worker Accountability
Accountability for productivity is more likely to happen when employees understand, participate in, and are held responsible for productivity objectives, measurement, and evaluation.
5. Principles of Focus
The greater the focus toward productivity objectives on a time scale, the greater the likelihood of achieving these objectives.
6. Principle of Creating Potential Productivity
Productivity gains are more likely to be achieved from situations where the potential for productivity gain is created.
7. Principle of Continuance
Productivity tends to continue when achieving an objective does not incapacitate or destroy any of the factors which produced it.
8. Principle of Work Justice
Productivity is more likely to continue when employees are given equal pay for equal work; when employers are given equal work for equal pay.
9. Principle of Elasticity
Productivity tends to increase when the same amount of work is achieved in a shorter period of time.
10. Principle of Resource Priority
Productivity increases when objectives for productivity set the priorities for resource allocation.
Articles with Collection of Various Factors - Determinants of Productivity
1. Principles of Ratio Time Measurement
Productivity is more likely to improve when expected results are measured and made greater in the same time frame that expected resources are measured and made less.
2. Principles of Shared Gain
Productivity increases rapidly when its expected benefits are shared with those who will produce it.
3. Principle of Expectancy Alignment
The greater the alignment of employee expectancies (needs) with organizational objectives (targets), the greater the motivation to accomplish both.
4. Principle of Worker Accountability
Accountability for productivity is more likely to happen when employees understand, participate in, and are held responsible for productivity objectives, measurement, and evaluation.
5. Principles of Focus
The greater the focus toward productivity objectives on a time scale, the greater the likelihood of achieving these objectives.
6. Principle of Creating Potential Productivity
Productivity gains are more likely to be achieved from situations where the potential for productivity gain is created.
7. Principle of Continuance
Productivity tends to continue when achieving an objective does not incapacitate or destroy any of the factors which produced it.
8. Principle of Work Justice
Productivity is more likely to continue when employees are given equal pay for equal work; when employers are given equal work for equal pay.
9. Principle of Elasticity
Productivity tends to increase when the same amount of work is achieved in a shorter period of time.
10. Principle of Resource Priority
Productivity increases when objectives for productivity set the priorities for resource allocation.
Articles with Collection of Various Factors - Determinants of Productivity
Productivity Science - Determinants of Productivity
http://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2017/10/productivity-science-determinants-of.htmlReadings on the topic of Productivity Science
Adam SmithFrom Taylor's First Paper Publication to 1950
Development of Science for Working of Machines
Scientific Management in Machine Shop
Development of Science for Working of Man - Motions
Development of Science in Mechanic Arts
H.M. Wilcox
The definition of the word science is knowledge duly arranged and systematized.
The present state of the art of industrial management : majority and minority report of sub-committee on administration ; including discussion (page 1164)
Author American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Subcommittee on Administration.
1912
http://stevens.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4100coll1/id/2423
Oxford Dictionary - Organized body of knowledge that has been accumulated on a subject
Modern Period - 1951 onwards
A GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY OF PRODUCTIVITY
RICHARD O. MASON
Journal International Journal of General Systems
Volume 5, 1979 - Issue 1
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03081077908960885
Productivity in the Services Sector
Barry P. Bosworth and Jack E. Triplett, January 1, 2000
https://www.brookings.edu/research/productivity-in-the-services-sector/
Productivity in Public and Nonprofit Organizations
Margo Berman
Routledge, 18-Dec-2014 - First published 2006, Business & Economics - 240 pages
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2kPfBQAAQBAJ
‘Smarter, Faster, Better’: The New Science of Productivity
2 June 2016
http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/the-new-science-of-productivity/
The Science of Economic Development and Growth: The Theory of Factor Proportions: The Theory of Factor Proportions
C.C. Onyemelukwe
Routledge, 08-Jul-2016 - Business & Economics - 384 pages
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6mulDAAAQBAJ
The New Science of Sales Force Productivity
Dianne Ledingham, Mark Kovac, Heidi Locke Simon
Harvard Business Review, THE SEPTEMBER 2006 ISSUE
David Sumanth on Productivity Science
David Sumanth in his Book, Total Productivity Management in page 252 says that quality science, productivity science and manufacturing science are often considered part of industrial engineering and management science, although they have emerged as separate areas since the late 1970s.
It is important to note that productivity science is an important component of industrial engineers right from inception. Productivity science is yet to become a popular subject and theme even in industrial engineering or for that matter scientific management. So making claim that is has emerged as a separate area is debatable. Quality is treated as a constraint in industrial engineering and value engineering. Quality improvement progressed a lot under the leadership Crosby, Juran, Deming. Manufacturing science is the science behind production engineering or manufacturing engineering. Industrial engineers also use manufacturing science to develop industrial engineering solutions in the manufacturing field.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mLAv09ocvTsC&pg=PA252#v=onepage&q&f=falseThe International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management aims to address new developments in productivity science, performance measurement and management and to improve individual, group and organizational performance.
IJPPM is the official journal of the World Confederation of Productivity Science
http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/journals/journals.htm?id=ijppm
A.N. Saxena
Productivity Science: A Global Movement
HISTORY OF THE WORLD CONFEDERATION OF PRODUCTIVITY SCIENCE (WCPS)
THE WORLD ACADEMY OF PRODUCTIVITY SCIENCE (WAPS)
We call productivity a science because we are striving for universal laws in productivity matters. It has emerged as a systematized knowledge; is concerned with universal socio-economic issues which are vital for humanity. And, it is our vision to capture and disseminate how productivity science knowledge creates societal values and thereby enhances productivity. We believe that it is the unknown future which helps humans with more productive Ideas.
Despite this simple definition when it comes to its applied aspects, productivity science is confronted with vexed issues which certainly deserve clarification.
Science means getting at facts and trying to understand them. What the scientific approach does is to give a specific and detailed line of endeavour which has a probability of bringing about the desired result. Science helps to uncover the truth, discover what things are and reveal how to regulate them.
A.N. Saxena
Productivity Science: A Global Movement
HISTORY OF THE WORLD CONFEDERATION OF PRODUCTIVITY SCIENCE (WCPS)
THE WORLD ACADEMY OF PRODUCTIVITY SCIENCE (WAPS)
17.12.2023
Updated 2021 - 8 June 2021, 9 January 2021
Updated 2020 - 25 May 2020
Updated 2019,21 September, 13 May, 2018, 4 July 2018, 24 May 2018, 11 April 2018,
30 July 2017, 10 July 2017, 9 July 2017, 29 June 2017
Dr. M.R. Ramsay, Director NITIE http://www.endescointl.com/about-us-founder.html
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Principles of Productivity Science
To take this discussion further, John Heap, President of WCPS, has proposed the following principles should underly and underpin the philosophy and practice of productivity science.
http://www.wcps.info/wordpress/?page_id=1939