#ProfNRao - The Last Six Months at NITIE as Professor - Industrial Engineering & Management - February to July 2021

19 May 2021

HAPPY TO SHARE.

6500+ views in 4 years. (6745 views on 24 July 2021)

PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING YouTube Video.  Captures ideas of:

Taylor - Gilbreth - Emerson - Diemer - Going - Maynard - Barnes - Mogensen - Shingo - Narayana Rao

Narayana Rao - PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING - IISE Pittsburgh 2017 Annual Conference Presentation - YouTube Video.  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pU8CdWfZZdU

Professor (Finance, Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing Systems), National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai

Former Senior Professor (Finance & Investments), ICFAI Business School, Mumbai (2004 to 2006)

Former Professor (Finance & Investments), SPJIMR, Mumbai (2001 to 2004)

Professor (Finance & Industrial Engineering), NITIE (1997 to 2000)

The formal service tenure will be completed by July 2021.

It is time to remember students of PG programmes, Training programmes, Fellowship scholars, and colleagues & administrators who provided opportunities and support in the required activities. I am very happy with the positive outcomes in both personal and professional areas. Can easily forget the negative events that are part and parcel of life and interactions.

I am going to rearrange my files and documents (1994 to 2021) to do 5S for the future and in the process access details of various programmes conducted by me and try to say "hello and thank you" to the students, participants, colleagues and guest faculty. It is possible to do so in this social networking time made possible by social media.

I can feel good about the two global top blogs that I created. Management Theory Review and Industrial Engineering Knowledge Center.  They are used by students, executives and faculty members of all countries. Happy to share that Industrial Engineering Blog was visited more than 106,000 unique visitors. Earlier there were visitors for the content on Knol. It is content that was appreciated by Global community of industrial engineers.

In this last term of teaching, thanks to Prof. Manoj Kumar Tiwari, Current Director, NITIE, I am learning additional things in the area of supply chain management from Prof. David Simchi Levi, Professor, MIT. I am teaching the subject, Manufacturing Strategy. The key areas in the subject, Technology and Process Strategy, Process Improvement Strategy, Capacity decisions for Internal Manufacturing and Supply chain manufacturing are of special interest to me from industrial engineering perspective also. I started my career in 1979 in the purchasing department of a manufacturing company and then shifted to production planning and production management of all ancillary departments of the company. In my first five years of teaching, I taught subjects related to manufacturing management and operations research. Hence completing the formal tenure by teaching "Manufacturing Strategy" is appropriate goal reaching effort. Only, recently, the fellow scholar, I guided in supply chain management got his doctoral diploma, fellowship of NITIE.

I did diversify into security analysis and investment management. My doctoral degree in that area is from IIT Bombay. I worked in stockbroking company as vice president (training) and supported the company during derivatives introduction year. I developed ways of implementing Graham's analysis method (Graham - Rao Method) [ 2006 ] and Markowitz portfolio analysis method to get model portfolios of broking companies.

The urge to strengthen the industrial engineering discipline as an alumni and faculty member of NITIE made me to focus on industrial engineering afresh. The effort helped in developing "Principles of Industrial Engineering," "Functions and Focus Areas of Industrial Engineering," "Industrial Engineering 4.0 Implementation Steps," and more papers highlighting the need for changes in industrial engineering discipline, academic curriculums and professional practice. Productivity management is a very important area, which is still underdeveloped in the management and industrial engineering disciplines. Productivity Science, Productivity Engineering and Productivity Management is the framework proposed by me to develop productivity management area in more depth and detail.

Principles of Industrial Engineering - Presentation in 2017 IISE Annual Conference

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31 July

Why do You require Resiliency as an Innovator or Industrial Engineer or as Good Change Manager?

Success is not easy. Even if you develop a prototype of a device or an artifact based on your idea, people will be indifferent to your ideas. You need to believe in your passion, the logic behind it and the reasons you think people have to use it for their benefit.

30 July2021

Farewell Function in NITIE

Reply by Narayana Rao in the farewell function

I thank all my colleagues both teaching and and administration. My best wishes to them.

I thank all my students. They did all things I asked them to do as assignments and helped me also in the process to better understand theories, applications and case studies. My best wishes to them.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TGrNAginFg

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Updated the lesson 60 and Case Study 60 of the Industrial Engineering Online Course. Circulated in the social media also.

Lesson 60 of Industrial Engineering ONLINE Course. Productivity Improvement Through Machining Time Reduction - Machining Cost Reduction - Industrial Engineering of Machining Operations

Case 60 - Industrial Engineering ONLINE Course. Toyota Way - Become Better and Better - Better Design and Further Industrial Engineering Changes 

Posted a new post. Technology Focused Engineering - Industry Problems and Opportunities Focused Engineering

24 July 2021

Biomechanics in Industrial Engineering Curriculum.

(The topic was included in this blog in April 2012. It was posted on Knol much earlier. The subject was suggested for inclusion in the IE curriculum at that time.

https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2012/04/biomechanics-in-industrial-engineering.html

The above suggestion made during 2010-2012 was incorporated into principles of industrial engineering.

Human resources employed in engineering systems have their own needs. Industrial engineers are unique in engineering disciplines in taking up the engineering of human effort. They have to synthesize the theories of human sciences, some of which are developed by industrial engineering also, to design human work for an optimal combination of productivity, income, comfort, health, safety and satisfaction of the employed.

Human Effort Industrial  Engineering for Increasing Productivity - Principle of Industrial Engineering

http://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2017/07/human-effort-engineering-for-increasing.html

23 July 2021

Engineering Knowledge Based Industrial Engineering 

Creativity, Passion and Resiliency. Passion to solve a problem will make one creative. But knowledge is required to become creative. If knowledge is zero, no creativity despite passion to solve a problem.

Why Resiliency?

Success is not easy. Even if you develop a prototype of a device or an artifact, people will be indifferent to your ideas. You need to believe in your passion, the logic behind it and the reasons you think people have to use it for their benefit.

12 July 2021

More creativity, effort, and frankly, time are required turn new technologies bought into profitable investments. Industrial Engineers have to lead.

Focusing on technologies that augment workers instead of replace them to maintain social harmony and progress of society with peace and happiness. 

-  Stanford University professor Erik Brynjolfsson.

How to prepare for the AI productivity boom

12 July 2021

https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/how-to-prepare-ai-productivity-boom

Industrial engineers have to take active part in automation centers of excellence.

Productivity and Industrial Engineering News - Bulletin Board #IndustrialEngineering #Productivity 

https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2016/06/productivity-and-industrial-engineering.html

Industrial Engineers have to drive technology adoption.

11 July 2021

VERY HAPPY. Blog Book accessed 1000 times by 860 unique users. 

Industrial Engineering 4.0 - IE in the Era of Industry 4.0 - #BlogBook by K.V.S.S. Narayana Rao (#ProfNRao)  #IndustrialEngineering #Productivity #CostReduction #ContinuousImprovement

It is very early work on Industrial Engineering 4.0 initiated by me immediately after a seminar on the topic in Germany. Two international conference papers were published by me in this area. 

https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2017/12/industrial-engineering-40-ie-in-era-of.html

9 July 2021

Thank you for Birthday Greetings, Wishes and Blessings.

I am overwhelmed by the affection shown by you in June and July 2021 congratulating me and blessing me on various events. I have to respond personally to you. First let me thank you all. I am retiring by this month end - normal superannuation age. Shall have time to correspond with you on more personal basis. Thank you once again.

6 July 2021

Passionate about Productivity, Industrial Engineering and Cost Reduction  - Why?

Because productivity increases world's prosperity. 

Creating new products that satisfy and provide utility to people is one dimension. Then producing them in large quantities at lower and lower costs is another dimension. Both dimensions are important and are to be promoted and supported in organizations. Inventions reach large section of the population through cost reductions made possible by productivity improvement through industrial engineering.

The output of industrial engineers every day contributes to the prosperity of the people of the world.

I sent a mail to participants of a UBP from Exide.

I keep corresponding with participants of a UBP from BEL.

1 June 2021

Industrial Engineering FREE ONLINE Course

I started circulating the Industrial Engineering Online Lessons for the second time after an year. In the last one year, 1000 persons accessed the course index page. This year, I shall be able to revise content of some of these lessons.

15 May 2021

Things did not go smoothly in the last three months. There was covid infection also to bear with. Any extra active work results in fatigue for good length of subsequent days due to age. But still, there is enthusiasm at some point in time to do something extra.

This month, I am participating in the Annual IISE Conference in virtual mode. I uploaded my presentation of the paper. I am presenting the paper advocating the practice of Computer Aided Industrial Engineering.

Prof. Narayana Rao K.V.S.S. NITIE@IISE Annual Conference 2021 - Computer Aided Industrial Engineering

My paper on Computer Aided Industrial Engineering was well received. There were 11 likes.

I liked the interview with Tim Cook in the conference.

PGP Subjects

2010 - PGDIE - Industrial Engineering Concepts -  21 June 2010 to 10 September 2010

Updated on 9 July 2021,  7 July 2021, 12 June 2021.  19 May 2021 15 May 2021

First posted and published  on 1 February 2021

Surface Finish - Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects

Lesson 57 of Industrial Engineering ONLINE Course

Lesson 14 of Process Industrial Engineering FREE ONLINE Course (Module)

Industrial engineers have to first know alternatives to produce to specification. Then ways to increase productivity of the best alternative.

Surface Finish - An Area of Inquiry for Industrial Engineers

Industrial engineers have to find alternative ways that reliably produce to the specification of the design but give productivity. They have to first know alternatives to produce to specification.

Industrial engineers have to examine, whether cutting conditions are being kept substantially below the maximum cutting parameters recommended in theory or best practice by shop personnel because of the intention to reach the surface finish specified. They have to understand the theory behind surface finish achievement and the theory of cutting conditions that give maximum material removal rate and then come out with the best cutting conditions. They they have to organize the experiment to do most productive combination and if any problem persists, they have to find out whether any improvement in other machine variables is going to eliminate the problem. It is the industrial engineer's job not to give up utilizing the best cutting variables and achieve maximum productivity while achieving the specified surface finish. Hence, industrial engineers have to be aware of various solutions to improve surface finish.

Surface Finish, Integrity and Flatness

Many parts are machined to produce surfaces with specified finishes for locating, sealing, or similar applications. In finishing cuts,  surface flatness, and finish requirements restrict the range of tool sizes, geometries, and feed rates that can be used. Understanding the surface finish issues, can help in increasing the productivity of machining operations.

MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE FINISH

The surface finish  is most commonly measured with a stylus-type profile meter or profilometer, an instrument similar to a phonograph that amplifies the vertical motion of a stylus as it is drawn across the surface.

Types of measurements

For nominally flat surfaces, the shape is referred to as the slope or lay of the surface.

Waviness refers to variations in the surface with relatively long wavelengths or, equivalently, lower frequencies. Waviness may result from clamping errors, errors in the tool or cutter geometry, or vibrations of the system. Spindle tilt in face-milling operations also produces a waviness or shape error.

Roughness is the term for surface profile variations with wavelengths shorter than those characteristic of waviness.  Roughness has a geometric component dependent on the feed rate, tool nose radius, tool lead angle, and cutting speed, as well as a natural component resulting from tool wear, inhomogeneities in the work material, higher frequency vibrations of the machining system, and damage to the surface caused by chip contact.

The commonly used roughness measurements for machined surfaces: the average roughness Ra, maximum peak height Rp, maximum valley depth Rv, peak to valley height Rt, average maximum profile height Rz, maximum roughness depth Rmax, and bearing ratio tp.

The parameters Ra, Rv, Rp, and Rt  are all defined with respect to a centerline of a filtered stylus trace. Filtering is performed to remove the slope and waviness components of the trace. Once filtering is performed, the centerline is determined as the mean line of the surface profile.

The average roughness Ra is defined as the average absolute deviation of the workpiece from the centerline:

Rp is the maximum deviation of a peak above the centerline encountered within the sampling length

Similarly, Rv, the maximum depth of valley below the centerline,

Rt, the maximum peak to valley deviation or total profile height, is equal to
 Rt =  Rp  + Rv

The average maximum profile height Rz and maximum roughness depth Rmax  are  defined in ASME B46.1  as the average and maximum values of the profile heights over five successive sampling intervals:

The bearing ratio tp  is a function of the depth p below the highest peak and is
defined as the ratio of the total length of the profile below the depth p to the total trace length L:

Ra is the most commonly specified roughness parameter and is well suited for monitoring the
consistency of a machining process.

SURFACE FINISH IN TURNING AND BORING
For turning and single-point boring, the geometric roughness is easily calculated from the tool angles and feed.

For a tool with a nose (or corner) radius, the depth of cut is often smaller than the nose radius, especially in finish turning and boring. In this case the geometric roughness is independent of the tool angles κre and k¢re and is determined by the feed per revolution f and nose radius rn:

These equations provide lower bound for the roughness obtained in practice and indicate that smoother surfaces can be generated by using a smaller feed, larger tool nose radius, and larger tool

lead angle. 

SURFACE FINISH IN MILLING

When face milling with radiused inserts, the surface finish depends on the insert radius and on the effective feed rate. The geometric component of the average peak to valley cusp height, Rtg, and average roughness, Rag, measured in the feed direction can be calculated approximately using the formulas.

When face milling with radiused inserts, the surface finish depends on the insert radius and on the effective feed rate.

SURFACE FINISH IN GRINDING

Measured roughness values in cylindrical plunge grinding are usually well characterized by an
equation using

vw: the workpiece velocity
vs: the wheel velocity
a:  the depth of cut


RESIDUAL STRESSES IN MACHINED SURFACES

Machined surfaces often exhibit residual stresses  induced both by differential plastic deformation and by surface thermal gradients . Stresses due to plastic deformation are obviously mechanically induced, but those due to thermal gradients may reflect phase transformations or chemical reactions. These stresses increase with tool wear, since both deformation forces and tool–workpiece frictional heating increase. For a sharp tool, significant residual stresses typically do not occur at depths much greater than 50 μm below the surface; for worn tools, however, significant stresses may occur at 5 or 10 times this depth.

WHITE LAYER FORMATION

White layer formation occurs when cutting ferrous materials, especially steels . The white layer is a surface layer, which has undergone microstructural alterations caused by excessive surface temperatures and air hardening. It is resistant to standard etchings, so that it appears white under an optical microscope (or featureless in a scanning electron microscope.) The white layer has the same chemical composition as the substrate, but due to its different microstructure it has different mechanical properties, and most significantly increased hardness.

SURFACE BURNING IN GRINDING

Surface burning concerns often limit the maximum wheel speed or stock removal in grinding operations. Surface burning has been studied in detail mainly for carbon and alloy steel workpieces. Burning is accompanied by metallurgical and chemical phenomena such as oxidation (which produced the characteristic burn marks on the surface), tempering, residual stresses, and phase transformations; apart from aesthetic concerns, burning should be avoided because these phenomena lead to a reduction in fatigue life.

MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE FLATNESS

Machined surfaces used for sealing or motion control often have a specified flatness tolerance.  Flatness is defined as the minimum separation between two parallel planes containing the entire surface profile. Since the entire profile is not normally measured with high resolution, the sampling method and resolution of individual measurements both influence measured flatness values. Therefore, the flatness and profile/waviness requirements on the part should be considered in the selection of the process even though the proper surface finish can be achieved.

There are several contact and non-contact methods for measuring the flatness or profile of a surface. Automated flexible methods use coordinate measuring machines (CMM). All CMMs have a mechanical or optical probe attached to the third moving axis of the machine. 

SURFACE FLATNESS COMPENSATION IN FACE MILLING

Flat surfaces are often machined by face milling.  The standard methods of controlling flatness in these applications include fixture and cutter optimization and the use of multiple passes, including a low DOC finishing pass. Limited feed rate optimization, in which the feed rate is slowed over sections of the tool path with low part stiffness, is also used.

Industrial engineer have to examine, whether cutting conditions are being kept substantially below the maximum cutting parameters recommended in theory or best practice by shop personnel because of the intention to reach the surface finish specified. They have to understand the theory behind surface finish achievement and the theory of cutting conditions that give maximum material removal rate and then come out with the best cutting conditions. They they have to organize the experiment to do most productive combination and if any problem persists, they have to find out whether any improvement in other machine variables is going to eliminate the problem. It is the industrial engineer's job not to give up utilizing the best cutting variables and achieve maximum productivity while achieving the specified surface finish. Hence, industrial engineers have to be aware of various solutions to improve surface finish.

Other compensation methods

Tool Path Direction Compensation

The tool path direction has an important influence on both cycle time and surface flatness when face milling large surfaces. Cutting forces interact with the part and fixture to cause deflections, and due to spatial and directional variations in part and fixture stiffness, applying forces from different direction (by changing the tool path) results in different flatness and profile errors. The milling process, up or down milling, also affects the forces on the part for a similar reason. The removal of residual stress is a progressive process, which is affected by the tool path direction and local DOC. Tool path direction compensation (TPDC) is performed on a macroscale because the face mill cutter diameter is usually large in order to cover as much surface area as possible.

Depth of Cut Compensation
The milling path along a plane can be compensated normal to the plane by cutting shallower on
convex surface sections (high spots) and deeper on concave surface sections (low spots).

Tool Feed Compensation

The tool feed compensation (TFC) method focuses on cutting force–induced errors, which can be directly controlled by the optimization of feed and speed in relation to the cycle time. The feed per tooth can be optimized to improve the surface flatness because cutting forces exerted on the part surface are proportional to feed.

Spindle-Part Tilt Compensation
The spindle-part tilt compensation (SPTC) method is used to prevent contact of the face-milling
cutter trailing edges with the machined surface.



Updated on 31 July 2021, 22 January 2021
First published on 11 July 2020

Technology Focused Engineering - Industry Problems and Opportunities Focused Engineering

 Industrial Engineering is Industry Problems and Opportunities Focused Engineering. The basic design of a product and process is technology focused. The designers bring multiple technologies into evaluation to come out with a process that will make a new engineering device a reality.

Industrial engineering responds on a continuous basis to opportunities and problems that are identified in engineering operations - production, distribution, operation and maintenance. Industrial engineering is more analytical and can focus on elements of products and processes and do piecemeal improvement that contribute to system efficiency.

Machining Time Reduction - Machining Cost Reduction - Industrial Engineering of Machining Operations

Lesson 60 of Industrial Engineering ONLINE Course

Lesson 17 of Process Industrial Engineering ONLINE Course (Module).

Accompanying Case Study: Toyota Way - Become Better and Better - Better Design and Further Industrial Engineering Changes 

IE Research by Taylor - Productivity of Machining  - Part 1 - Part 2  - Part 3  - Part 4 - Part 5 

Machining Time Reduction - Machining Cost Reduction - Machine Productivity Improvement - Taylor - Narayana Rao

Taylor - Narayana Rao Principles of Industrial Engineering

The first president of ASME in his inaugural presidential address exhorted mechanical engineers to attention to the cost of reduction of machines and items produced through mechanical engineering design and production processes like cars.

The genius in F.W. Taylor resulted in proposing productivity improvement through machining time reduction (machine time reduction) and man time reduction as the core activity which will give cost reduction and income increase (to both employees and companies, this labor and capital).

Machining time reduction can be achieved by improving each of the elements that are used in machining. Taylor investigated each machine element - machine tools for power and rigidity, tool materials and tool geometry, work holding, use of coolant, cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed, depth of cut) and developed data and science for each element and increased productivity of machining. The framework laid by Taylor is followed even today and productivity improvement of machining is occurring.

TAYLOR (1906) - ELEMENTS AFFECTING CUTTING SPEED OF TOOLS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE 

278 The cutting speed of a tool is directly dependent upon the following elements. The order in which the elements are given indicates their relative effect in modifying the cutting speed, and in order to compare them, we have written in each case figures which represent, broadly speaking, the ratio between the lower and higher limits of speed as affected by each element. These limits will be met with daily in machine shop practice. 

279 (A) The quality of the metal which is to be cut; i.e., its hardness or other qualities which affect the cutting speed.

Proportion is as 1 in the case of semi-hardened steel or chilled iron to 100 in the case of very soft low carbon steel. 

280 (B) The chemical composition of the steel from which the cutting tool is made, and the heat treatment of the tool.

Proportion is as 1 in tools made from tempered carbon steel to 7 in the best high speed tools. 

281 (C) The thickness of the shaving; or, the thickness of the spiral strip or band of metal which is to be removed by the tool, measured while the metal retains its original density; not the thickness of the actual shaving, the metal of which has become partly disintegrated.

Proportion is as 1 with thickness of shaving 3/16 of an inch to 3.5 with thickness of shaving 1/64 of an inch.  

282 (D) The shape or contour of the cutting edge of the tool, chiefly because of the effect which it has upon the thickness of the shaving.

Proportion is as  1 in a thread tool to 6 in a broad nosed cutting tool. , 

283 (E) Whether a copious stream of water or other cooling medium is used on the tool.

Proportion is as 1 for tool running dry to 1.41 for tool cooled by a copious stream of water. 

284 (F) The depth of the cut; or, one-half of the amount by which the forging or casting is being reduced in diameter in turning.

Proportion is as 1 with 1/2 inch depth of cut to 1.36 with 1/8 inch depth of cut. 

285 (G) The duration of the cut; i. c., the time which a tool must last under pressure of the shaving without being reground.

Proportion is as 1 when tool is to be ground every 1.5 hour to 1.207 when tool is to be ground every 20 minutes.

286 (H) The lip and clearance angles of the tool.

Proportion is as 1 with lip angle of 68 degrees to 1.023 with lip angle of 61 degrees. 

287 (J) The elasticity of the work and of the tool on account of producing chatter.

Proportion is as 1 with tool chattering to 1.15 with tool running smoothly. 

288 A brief recapitulation of these elements is as follows: 

(A) quality of metal to be cut: 1 to 100; 

(B) chemical composition of tool steel: 1 to 7;

 (C) thickness of shaving: 1 to 3.5; 

(D) shape or contour of cutting edge: 1 to 6; 

(E) copious stream of water on the tool: 1 to 1.41; 

(F) depth of cut: 1 with 1/2 inch depth to 1.36 with 1/8 inch depth of cut; 

(G) duration of cut: 1 with 1.5 hour cut to 1.20 with 20-minute cut; 

(H) lip and clearance angles: 1 with lip angle 68 degrees to 1.023 with lip angle of 61 degrees; 

(J) elasticity of the work and of the tool: 1 with tool chattering to 1.15, with tool running smoothly.

Taylor's machining time reduction is given the name "Time Study." Time study became a principal technique of Industrial Engineering. But in the evolution of the discipline and profession, overtime, the s focus on study of man's work increased and time study became a subject or method that develops the standard time prescription for the method developed using method study. Method study also focused on manual work only primarily. A subject named "Work Study," a combination of method study and time study or work measurement became popular. Machine work based industrial engineering slow disappeared from industrial engineering. Professor Narayana Rao, brought the focus on machine back in industrial engineering by proposing "machine work study" as an important area in productivity improvement and industrial engineering. Machine based industrial engineering is part of Toyota Production System and was described by Shigeo Shingo in his book. Jidoka, a pillar of TPS, also is interpreted as machines that do not produce waste which indicates machine based productivity improvement. Machine work study involves evaluating each element of machine work with the current possible best practice, improving it appropriately and integrating all the elements to give the highest productivity, lower cost or lowest time. Element level improvement and integrating elements to get the best system improvement has to occur one after another in industrial engineering. Element level thinking and holistic thinking both have to take place in productivity improvement.

To do machine work study, industrial engineers required the basic knowledge and awareness of periodic developments in machine tool and cutting tool engineering and process planning. Productivity science discovers and codifies variables that have an effect on productivity. Industrial engineers have to combine productivity science with knowledge of machine tools and process planning to do productivity engineering.

Taylor's Contribution to Machining Time Reduction and Machining Science/Productivity Science

The first scientific studies of metal cutting were power requirements for various operations so that steam engines of appropriate size could be selected for tools. A number of researchers constructed crude dynamometers and conducted systematic experiments to measure cutting forces. The best known was E. Hartig, whose 1873 book  was a standard reference on the subject for many years. Development of more advanced dynamometers occupied researchers after Hartig's book was published. In addition, several studies of the mechanism of chip formation were carried out, most notably by Time, Tresca, and Mallock. By carefully examining chips, these researchers recognized that chip formation was a shearing process.

In 1868 Robert Mushet, an English steel maker, developed an improved tool steel. It was a Tungsten alloy which proved to be self hardening. Mushet  took extraordinary measures to prevent the theft of his recipe and the process he used is unknown to this day. The  material was  superior to carbon steel for cutting tools and was widely used in both Europe and America.

The great historical figure in the field of metal cutting, Frederick W. Taylor, was active at the end of the nineteenth century. Taylor became more famous as the founder of scientific management, and many books on scientific management do not mention his work in metal cutting. The metal cutting work, however, was crucial to the implementation of his productivity engineering and management theories. Books on machining still mention Taylor and his contribution to metal cutting theory.

As foreman of the machine shop, Taylor felt that shop productivity could be greatly increased if  a quantitative understanding of the relation between speeds, feeds, tool geometries, and machining performance can be established and the right combination of cutting parameters are specified by managers and used by machinists. Taylor embarked on a series of methodical experiments to gather the data  necessary to develop this understanding. The experiments continued over a number of years at Midvale and the nearby Bethlehem Steel Works, where he worked jointly with metallurgist Maunsel White. As a result of these experiments, Taylor was able to increase machine shop productivity at Midvale by hundred percent even though in certain individual jobs and machines, productivity increases was as much as a factor of five.  One of Taylor's important practical contributions was his invention of high speed steel, a cutting tool material. The material permitted doubling of cutting speed, which in turn permitted doubling spindle speed for the same diameter of the work and thereby increase in feed which reduced machining time.

Taylor also established that the power required to feed the tool could equal the power required to drive the spindle, especially when worn tools were used. Machine tools of the day were underpowered in the feed direction, and he had to modify all the machines at the Midvale plant to eliminate this flaw. He also demonstrated the value of coolants in metal cutting and fitted his machines with recirculating fluid systems fed from a central pump. Finally, he developed a special slide rule for determining feeds and speeds for various materials.

Taylor summarized his research results in the landmark paper On the Art of Cutting Metals, which was  published in the ASME Transactions in 1907. The results were based on 50,000 cutting tests conducted over a period of 26 years. Taylor's also indicated the  importance of tool temperatures in tool life and developed the famous tool life equation.  His writings clearly indicate that he was most interested in efficiency and economy in his experiments and writings.

Machine tools built after 1900 utilized Taylor's discoveries and inventions. They were designed to run at much higher speeds to take advantage of high speed steel tools. This required the use hardened steel gears, improved bearings and improved bearing lubrication systems. They were fitted with more powerful motors and feed drives and with recirculating coolant systems.

The automotive industry had become the largest market for machine tools by World War I and it has consequently had a great influence on machine tool design. Due to accuracy requirements grinding machines were particularly critical, and a number of specialized machines were developed for specific operations. Engine manufacture also required rapid production of flat surfaces, leading to the development of flat milling and broaching machines in place of  shapers and planers. The development of the automobile also greatly improved gear design and manufacture, and machine tools were soon fitted with quick-change gearing systems.  The automotive industry also encouraged the development of dedicated or single purpose tools. Early examples included crankshaft grinding machines and large gear cutting machines. It led to the development of transfer machine. An in-line transfer machine typically consists of roughly thirty highly specialized tools (or stations) connected by an automated materials handling system for moving parts between stations. The first was  built at Henry Ford's Model T plant in Detroit. . Transfer machines required  very large capital investments but the cost per piece was  lower than for general purpose machines for the  production volumes of  hundreds of thousands required in auto industry.

In the 1930's a German company introduced sintered tungsten carbide cutting tools, first in brazed form and later as a detachable insert. This material is superior to high speed steel for general purpose machining and has become the industry standard.

A great deal of research in metal cutting has been conducted since 1900. A bibliography of work published prior to 1943 was compiled by Boston,  Shaw and King.   The shear plane theory of metal cutting was developed by Ernst and Merchant  and provided a physical understanding of cutting processes which was at least qualitatively accurate for many conditions. Trigger and Chao  and Loewen and Shaw  developed accurate steady-state models for cutting temperatures. A number of researchers studied the dynamic stability of machine tools, which had become an issue as cutting speeds had increased. This resulted in the development of a fairly complete linear theory of machine tool vibrations. Research in all of these areas continues to this day, particularly numerical analysis work made possible by advances in computing. All these discoveries and their implementation in machine tools gives higher productivity in machining.

 One of the most important innovations in machine tools was the introduction of numerical control. Today CNC machine tools are the most used ones.

New tool materials were invented. A variety of ceramics are currently used for cutting tools, especially for hardened or difficult-to-machine work materials.  Ceramic and diamond tools have replaced carbides in a number of high volume applications, especially in the automotive industry.  Carbides (often coated with ceramic layers) have remained the tool of choice for general purpose machining. There has been a proliferation of grades and coatings available for all materials, with each grade containing additives to increase chemical stability in a relatively narrow range of operating conditions. For many work materials cutting speeds are currently limited by spindle and material handling limitations rather than tool material considerations. Dozens of insert shapes with hundreds of integral chip breaking patterns are available now.

Chapter 13. Machining Economics and Optimization 

in Metal Cutting Theory and Practice - Stephenson - Agapiou, 2nd Edition


Economic Considerations are important in designing the  machining process of a component. Each operation done on a machine involved number of decisions. There is more than one approach for doing an operation and each approach will have as associated machining time, part quality and cost of machining. An effective and efficient methodology is to be employed to attain the specified quality of the operation with the least cost.

The machining cost of an operation on a component is made of several components. They include machine cost, tool cost, tool change cost (includes set up), handling cost, coolant cost etc. Some of these costs  vary significantly with the cutting speed is different directions. At a certain cutting speed we get the minimum cost and at certain other cutting speed we get the least machining time. There is a need to calculate these minimum point cutting speeds for each work material, tool material and machine tool combinations. F.W. Taylor developed slide rules for this purpose. Now those slide rules are not in place, but machining handbooks and machine tool/cutting tool manufacturers provide guidance. Process planners and industrial engineers need to do the required calculations depending on the trial production within their plans.

Time Estimates Required

Total Production Time for an Operation, TTO =

Tm + (Tm/Tl)Tlul + Tcs + Te + Tr + Tp + Ta + Td + Tx)

Where

TTO = Total Production Time for an Operation

Tm = Cutting time

Tl = Tool life

Tlul = Tool unloading and time

Tcs = Tool interchange time

Te = Magazine travelling time
Tr = Approach time
Tp = Table index time
Ta = Acceleration time
Td = Deceleration time
Tx = Tool rapid travel time

Time study used for machine work study has to determine these time times from formulas as well as time study observations for the existing way and proposed way to validate the time reduced by the operation analysis based on operation study and time data.

Constraints for Minimizing the Machining Time - Cost

Allowable maximum cutting force, cutting temperature, depth of cut, spindle speed, feed, machine power, vibration and chatter limits, and party quality requirement.



Industrial engineers must have knowledge of maximum permissible depth of cut. feed and cutting speed.

Industrial engineers have to monitor research and continuously update their understanding of limit to the constraints. Developments in engineering and industrial engineering keep increasing the quantity of limits in favor of more productivity.


The cutting parameters of various work materials will be covered in  Machinability of Metals - Machine Work Study Topic


Related Articles

Machining Operation Analysis and Improvement - Bibliography

Developments in Manufacturing Processes for Operation Analysis - Value Engineering - Product/Process Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing Processes - Book Information and Important Points - Under Collection

Updated on 30 July 2021,  2 April 2020
26 March 2020

The Evolution of a Manufacturing System at Toyota - Takahiro Fujimoto - Book Information

 The Evolution of a Manufacturing System at Toyota

Takahiro Fujimoto

Oxford University Press, 12-Aug-1999 - Business & Economics - 400 pages

What is the true source of a firm's long-term competitive advantage in manufacturing? 

Through original field studies, historical research, and statistical analyses, this book shows how Toyota Motor Corporation, one of the world's largest automobile companies, built distinctive capabilities in production, product development, and supplier management. Fujimoto asserts that it is Toyota's evolutionary learning capability that gives the company its advantage and demonstrates how this learning is put to use in daily work.

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KBm8F9cI8OYC

IIIE India Graduates Salary Information

 

Indian Institution of industrial Engineering Salaries

Based on 52 verified profiles

Average salary of a senior employee who graduated from Indian Institution of industrial Engineering is ₹19.1lakhs.

Employees who graduated from Indian Institution of industrial Engineering and working after 10 years of experience are earning an average of ₹19.1lakhs, mostly ranging from ₹10.0lakhs to ₹41.5lakhs based on 52 profiles.

https://6figr.com/in/salary/indian-institution-of-industrial-engineering--u

Biomechanics in Industrial Engineering Curriculum

Biomechanics is an important course in industrial engineering discipline. To design human effort, industrial engineering have to study biomechanics and use the insights of that science.

10 Basic Principles of Biomechanics

https://www.dummies.com/education/science/biophysics/10-basic-principles-of-biomechanics/

It is now widely recognized that biomechanics plays an important role in the understanding of the fundamental principles of human motion; however, biomechanics is a field that has a very long history.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5908324/ 

Mechanical Engineering | UW College of Engineering | Seattle, WA - Biomechanics option

What is Biomechanics?

Biomechanics is the study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of living organisms. This field represents the broad interplay between mechanics and biological systems, from the nano scale to whole-body systems. Research in biomechanics enhances our understanding of health, function and disease in living systems and can also serve as inspiration for engineering innovations. Biomechanics can inform and improve the design of medical devices, robotics, athletic equipment, and other applications.

The Biomechanics Curriculum

Students pursuing the biomechanics option must complete 19-credits including:

Course Credits Title

ME 419 1 Biomechanics Seminar

ME 411 3 Biological frameworks for engineering

  6 Biomechanics Electives: Students must complete a minimum of two biomechanics electives. Extra courses also count as supporting electives.

  Supporting Electives: Remaining credits must be taken from the supporting electives list, which are selected to support your engineering fundamentals related to biomechanics.

 https://www.me.washington.edu/students/ug/biomechanics

http://www.bu.edu/eng/departments/me/research/biomechanics/

https://www.me.columbia.edu/biomechanics-and-mechanics-materials

https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/mecheng/research/biomechanics

https://mae.ucsd.edu/research/cbr

http://nitc.ac.in/index.php/?url=department/index/16

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH

Research group of Dr Dirk Pons, Christchurch, New Zealand

Industrial biomechanics

https://www.pons.co.nz/industrial-biomechanics/

Ergonomics and Biomechanics Laboratory

This laboratory is used for research activities in the area of physical ergonomics, safety, and occupational biomechanics. Research in this lab involves the investigation of workplace injury mechanisms, human capacity, and physical performance along with the development and evaluation of ergonomic controls and interventions. In addition, students utilize the laboratory equipment to identify and assess the physical risks of work environments. This laboratory is equipped with a 3D motion capture system, a full body dynamometer system, EMG measurement equipment, a force platform, and data collection and analysis software. For more information contact Dr. Lora Cavuoto. 

http://engineering.buffalo.edu/industrial-systems/research/research_facilities.html#title_3

Faculty

Bidyut Pal

He obtained a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering (Biomechanics) from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.

Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering at IIEST Shibpur.

https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/Faculty/mech-bidyutpal

24 July 2021

Application of biomechanics in industry

Ikhsan Siregar et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 420 012028

Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 

Indonesia

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/420/1/012028/pdf

Expose Mechanical Engineering Students to Biomechanics Topics

Hui Shen

Ohio Northern University, Ohio, USA

To adapt the focus of engineering education to emerging new industries and technologies nationwide and in the local area, a biomechanics module has been developed and incorporated into a mechanical engineering technical elective course to expose mechanical engineering students at ONU (Ohio Northern University) to the biomedical engineering topics. In this module, lectures have been offered focusing on the introduction of biomechanics concepts and the correlation between the human body and engineering systems. Application of engineering theories in the biomechanics field was discussed through reviewing research papers and a hands-on project, which requires the design of different structures simulating the human body using an advanced structures set.

US-China Education Review B 1 (2011) 39-45

Earlier title: US-China Education Review, ISSN 1548-6613

Books

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64237

Journals

Biomechanics

Biomechanics is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on biomechanics research, published quarterly online by MDPI.

Open Access—free to download, share, and reuse content. Authors receive recognition for their contribution when the paper is reused.

Dr. Justin Keogh Appointed Editor-in-Chief of Biomechanics

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomechanics

Biomechanics

Biomechanics is the scientific study of the mechanics of living structures, or of non-living structures such as silk or nacre that are produced by organisms.

https://www.nature.com/subjects/biomechanics

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/abb/

https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jab/jab-overview.xml

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/browse/biomechanics

J. Biomech Eng.

ASME

https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/biomechanical

https://esbiomech.org/

https://isbweb.org/

https://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?sectionid=99981152&bookid=1586

11 April 2012

Articles

Hand tool design and MSDs
http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/DEA3250notes/handtool.html

Integration of ergonomics into handtool design
http://www.ciop.pl/790

Hand tool design research in automotive sector
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/95-114.pdf

Books

Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement
David A. Winter
John Wiley 2009
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=_bFHL08IWfwC

Ergonomic models of anthropometry, human biomechanics, and operator-equipment interfaces:
proceedings of a workshop

K. H. E. Kroemer, Thomas B. Sheridan, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Human Factors, National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education

National Academies Press, 1988
Full book view
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=mzkrAAAAYAAJ 
 

Introductory Biomechanics

From Cells to Organisms

 

By

C. Ross Ethier

University of Toronto

 

Craig A. Simmons

University of Toronto

 

C. Ross Ethier is a professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, the Canada Research Chair in Computational Mechanics, and the Director of the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Toronto, with cross-appointment to the Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences. His research focuses on biomechanical factors in glaucoma and blood flow and mass transfer in the large arteries. He has taught biomechanics for over ten years.

Craig A. Simmons is the Canada Research Chair in Mechanobiology and an assistant professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University of Toronto, with cross-appointments to the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering and the Faculty of Dentistry. His research interests include cell and tissue biomechanics and cell mechanobiology, particularly as it relates to tissue engineering and heart valve disease.

 

About the Book 

Introductory Biomechanics is a new, integrated text written specifically for engineering students. It provides a broad overview of this important branch of the rapidly growing field of bioengineering. A wide selection of topics is presented, ranging from the mechanics of single cells to the dynamics of human movement. No prior biological knowledge is assumed and in each chapter, the relevant anatomy and physiology are first described. The biological system is then analyzed from a mechanical viewpoint by reducing it to its essential elements, using the laws of mechanics and then tying mechanical insights back to biological function. This integrated approach provides students with a deeper understanding of both the mechanics and the biology than from qualitative study alone. The text is supported by a wealth of illustrations, tables and examples, a large selection of suitable problems and hundreds of current references, making it an essential textbook for any biomechanics course.

 

Contents

Preface;

1. Introduction;

2. Cellular biomechanics;

3. Hemodynamics;

4. The circulatory system;

5. The interstitium;

6. Ocular biomechanics;

7. The respiratory system;

8. Muscles and movement;

9. Skeletal biomechanics;

10. Terrestrial locomotion;

Appendix A. The electrocardiogram; Index.

 

Publisher: Cambridge

http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521841122

 

 

Textbook

Occupational Biomechanics, 4th Edition

Don B. Chaffin, Gunnar B. J. Andersson, Bernard J. Martin

ISBN: 978-0-471-72343-1

Hardcover

376 pages

May 2006

Wiley

Contents

Foreword.

Preface.

Acknowledgments.

1. Occupational Biomechanics as a Specialty.

1.1 Definition of Occupational Biomechanics.

1.2 Historical Development of Occupational Biomechanics.

1.2.1 Kinesiological Developments.

1.2.2 Developments in Biomechanical Modelling.

. 1.2.3 Developments in Anthropometry.

1.2.4 Methods for Evaluating Mechanical Work Capacity.

1.2.5 Developments in Bioinstrumentation.

1.2.6 Developments in Motion Classification and Time Prediction Systems.

1.3 The Need for an Occupational Biomechanics Specialty.

1.3.1 Epidemiological Support for Occupational Biomechanics.

1.3.2 Social and Legal Support for Occupational Biomechanics.

1.3.3 Ergonomic Support for Occupational Biomechanics.

1.4 Who Uses Occupational Biomechanics?.

1.5 Organization of The Book.

Review Questions.

References.

2. The Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Connective Tissue.

2.2.1 Ligaments, Tendons, and Fascia.

2.2.2 Cartilage.

2.2.3 Bone.

2.3 Skeletal Muscle.

2.3.1 The Structure of Muscles.

2.3.2 The Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction.

2.3.3 The Energy Metabolism of Muscle.

2.3.4 The Nerve Impulse Causing Muscle Contraction.

2.3.5 Mechanical Aspects of Muscle Contraction.

2.3.6 Muscle Fatigue.

2.3.7 Quantification and Prediction of Fatigue.

2.4 Joints.

2.4.1 The Synovial Joint.

2.4.2 Joint Lubrication.

2.4.3 Osteoarthritis.

2.4.4 Intervertebral Discs.

Review Questions.

References.

3. Anthropometry in Occupational Biomechanics.

3.1 Measurement of Physical Properties of Body Segments.

3.1.1 Body-Segment Link Length Measurement Methods.

3.1.2 Body-Segment Volume and Weight.

3.1.3 Body-Segment Locations of Center of Mass.

3.1.4 Body-Segment Inertial Property Measurement Methods.

3.2 Anthropometric Data for Biomechanical Studies in Industry.

3.2.1 Segment Link Length Data.

3.2.2 Segment Weight Data.

3.2.3 Segment Mass-Center Location Data.

3.2.4 Segment Moment-of-inertia and Radius-of-Gyration Data.

3.3 Summary Of Anthropometry in Occupational Biomechanics.

Review Questions.

References.

4. Mechanical Work Capacity Evaluation.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Joint Motion: Methods and Data.

4.2.1 Methods of Measuring Joint Motion.

4.2.2 Normal Ranges of Joint Motion.

4.2.3 Factors Affecting Range-of-Motion Data.

4.3 Muscle Strength Evaluation.

4.3.1 Definition of Muscular Strength.

4.3.2 Static and Dynamic Strength-Testing Methods.

4.3.3 Population Muscle Strength Values.

4.3.4. Personal Factors Affecting Strength.

4.4. Summary and Limitations of Mechanical Work-Capacity Data.

Review Questions.

References.

5. Bioinstrumentation for Occupational Biomechanics.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Human Motion Analysis Systems.

5.2.1 Basis for Measuring Human Motion.

5.3 Muscle Activity Measurement.

5.3 .1 Applied Electromyography.

5.3.2 Mechanomyography.

5.3.3 Intra Muscular Pressure.

5.4 Muscle Strength Measurement Systems.

5.4.1 Localized Static Strength Measurement Systems.

5.4.2 Whole-body Static Strength Measurement System.

5.4.3 Whole-body Dynamic Strength Measurement System.

5.5 Intradiscal Pressure Measurement.

5.5.1 Measurement Concept.

5.5.2 Intradiscal Pressure Measurement System.

5.5.3 Applications and Limitations in Occupational Biomechanics.

5.6 Intra-abdominal (Intragastric) Measurements.

5.6.1 Measurement Development.

5.6.2 Measurement System.

5.6.3 Applications and Limitations in Occupational Biomechanics.

5.7 Seat Pressure Measurement Systems.

5.8 Stature Measurement System.

5.9 Force Platform System.

5.10 Foot and Hand Force Measurement Systems.

5.11 Measurement of Vibration in Humans.

Review Questions.

References.

6. Occupational Biomechanical Models.

6.1 Why Model?.

6.2 Planar Static Biomechanical Models.

6.2.1 Single-Body-Segment Static Model.

6.2.2 Two-Body-Segment Static Model.

6.2.3 Static Planar Model of Nonparallel Forces.

6.2.4 Planar Static Analysis of Internal Forces.

6.2.5 Multiple-link Coplanar Static Modeling.

6.3 Three-dimensional Modeling of Static Strength.

6.4 Dynamic Biomechanical Models.

6.4.1 Single-Segment Dynamic Biomechanical Model.

6.4.2 Multiple-Segment Biodynamic Model of Load Lifting.

6.4.3 Coplanar Biomechanical Models of Foot Slip Potential While Pushing a Cart.

6.5. Special-purpose Biomechanical Models of Occupational Tasks.

6.5.1 Low-Back Biomechanical Models.

6.5.2 Biomechanical Models of the Wrist and Hand.

6.5.3 Modeling Muscle Strength.

6.6 Future Developments in Occupational Biomechanical Models.

Review Questions.

References.

7. Methods Of Classifying And Evaluating Manual Work.

7.1 Traditional Methods.

7.1.1 Historical Perspective.

7.2 Traditional Work Analysis System.

7.2.1 MTM: An Example of a Predetermined Motion?Time System.

7.2.2 Benefits and Limitations in Contemporary Work Analysis Systems.

7.3 Contemporary Biomechanical Job Analysis.

7.3.1 Identification of Musculoskeletal Injury Problems.

7.3.2 Analyzing Biomechanical Risk Factors.

7.3.3 Specialized Biomechanical Risk Factor Evaluation.

7.3.4 EMGs in Job Evaluation.

7.4 Future Impact of Occupational Biomechanics on Work Analysis Systems.

Review Questions.

References.

8. Manual Material-handling Limits.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2. Lifting Limits In Manual Material Handling.

8.2.1 Scope of NIOSH Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting.

8.2.2 Basis and Structure of the 1994 NIOSH-Recommended Weight-lifting Limit.

8.2.3 Example of NIOSH RWL Procedure.

8.2.4 Comments on the Status of the NIOSH Lifting Guide.

8.2.5 Alternative Recommendations for Evaluating Manual Lifting Tasks.

8.3 Pushing and Pulling Capabilities.

8.3.1 Foot-Slip Prevention During Pushing and Pulling.

8.4 Asymmetric Load Handling.

8.4.1 Toward a Comprehensive Manual Material-Handling Guide.

8.5 Recommendations for Improving Manual Materials Handling Tasks.

8.6 Summary of Manual Material-Handling Recommendations and Evaluation Methods.

Review Questions.

References.

9. Guidelines For Work In Sitting Postures.

9.1 General Considerations Related to Sitting Postures.

9.2 Anthropometric Aspects of Seated Workers.

9.3 Comfort.

9.4 The Spine and Sitting.

9.4.1 Clinical Aspects of Sitting Postures.

9.4.2 Radiographic Data.

9.4.3 Disc Pressure Data During Sitting.

9.4.4 Muscle Activity.

9.4.5 Sitting Postures and The Spine.

9.5 The Shoulder and Sitting.

9.6 The Legs and Sitting.

9.7 The Sitting Workplace.

9.7.1 The Office Chair.

9.7.2 The Table in a Seated Workplace.

9.7.3 Visual Display Terminal Workstations.

9.8 Summary.

Review Questions.

References.

10. Biomechanical Considerations in Machine Control and Workplace Design.

10.1 Introduction.

10.1.1 Localized Musculoskeletal Injury in Industry.

10.2 Practical Guidelines for Workplace and Machine Control Layout.

10.2.1 Structure-Function Characteristics of the Shoulder Mechanism.

10.2.2 Shoulder-Dependent Overhead Reach Limitations.

10.2.3 Shoulder-and Arm-Dependent Forward Reach Limits.

10.2.4 Neck?Head Posture Work Limitations.

10.2.5 Torso Postural Considerations in Workbench Height Limitations.

10.2.6 Biomechanical Considerations in the Design of Computer Workstations.

10.3 Summary.

Review Questions.

References.

11. Hand-Tool Design Guidelines.

11.1 The Need for Biomechanical Concepts In Design.

11.2 Shape and Size Considerations.

11.2.1 Shape for Avoiding Wrist Deviation.

11.2.2 Shape for Avoiding Shoulder Abduction.

11.2.3 Shape to Assist Grip.

11.2.4 Size of Tool Handle to Facilitate Grip.

11.2.5 Finger Clearance Considerations.

11.2.6 Gloves.

11.3 Hand-Tool Weight and Use Considerations.

11.4 Force Reaction Considerations in Powered Hand-tool Design.

11.5 Keyboard Design Considerations.

11.5.1 Posture Stress.

11.5.2 Keying Exertion Force Repetition.

11.6 Summary.

Review Questions.

References.

12. Guidelines for Whole-Body and Segmental Vibration.

12.1 Definitions and Measurement.

12.1.1 Definitions.

12.1.2 Measurement of Vibration.

12.2 General Effects of Vibration on Human Beings.

12.3 Whole-Body Vibration.

12.3.1 Effects of Low-frequency Vibration.

12.3.2 Effects of Middle-frequency Vibration.

12.3.3 Biomechanical Effects on the Spine.

12.3.4 Physiological Responses.

12.4 Hand?Arm Vibration.

12.4.1 Transmission of Vibration in the Upper Extremity.

12.4.2 Hand?Arm Vibration Syndrome.

12.5 Sensorimotor Effects.

12.6 Vibration Exposure Criteria.

12.6.1 Whole-Body Vibration Recommendations.

12.6.2 Hand-Arm Vibration Recommendations.

12.7 Control and Prevention.

Review Questions.

References.

13. Worker Selection, Training and Personal Protective Device Consideration.

13.1 Worker Selection.

13.1.1 Introduction to Worker Selection.

13.1.2 History and Physical Examination.

13.1.3 Radiographic Preplacement Examination.

13.1.4 Quantitative Physical Preplacement Screening.

13.2 Preplacement Training.

13.2.1 General Content of Training.

13.2.2 How Workers Should Be Trained.

13.3 Biomechanical Aspects of Back Belts.

13.3.1 Passive Stiffness Effects of Back Belts.

13.3.2 Abdominal Pressure Effects of Back Belts.

13.3.3 Reduced Torso Mobility Effects Due to Back Belts.

13.4 Job Rotation and Psychosocial Stress.

13.5 Summary.

Review Questions.

References.

14. Summary.

Appendix A.

Part 1: Anatomical and Anthropometric Landmarks as Presented by Webb and Associates.

Part 2: Glossary of Anatomical and Anthropometric Terms.

Appendix B Population weight and Mass-Center data.

Table B.1 Segment Weight Values Derived from Regression Equations Using Total Body Weight as the Independent Variable.

Table B.2 Anatomical Location of Segment Centers of Gravity (Centers of Mass).

Table B.3 Segment Moments of Inertia.

Table B.4 Joint Center Locations and Link Definitions.

Appendix C Terms and Units of Measurement in Biomechanics.

Appendix D NIOSH 1994 Tables.

Appendix E Push and Pull Force Tables.

Appendix F Data Gathering ? Job Risk Factors.

Appendix G Some General Web Sites that Complement.

References in Text.

Index.

http://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471723436,subjectCd-BEA0,descCd-tableOfContents.html

 

 

 

Courses

 Course at IA State

 

IE 571X XE Occupational Biomechanics

http://www.ede.iastate.edu/Online-Fall-Courses-2009/Industrial-Engineering/F09-IE-571X-XE-IE-571X-XE-Occupational-Biomechanics.html

 

 

Courses at NCSU

 

Course Content

Anatomical, physiological, and biomechanical bases of physical ergonomics. Anthropometry, body mechanics, strength of biomaterials, human motor control. Use of bioinstrumentation, passive industrial surveillance techniques and active risk assessment techniques. Acute injury and cumulative trauma disorders. Static and dynamic biomechanical modeling. Emphasis on low back, shoulder and hand/wrist biomechanics.

 

ISE 543 Musculoskeletal Mechanics
ISE 544 Occupational Biomechanics

ISE 646 Research Practicum in Occupational Biomechanics
ISE 767 Upper Extremity Biomechanics
ISE 768 Spine Biomechanics
ISE 796 Research Practicum in Occupational Biomechanics

http://www.grad.ncsu.edu/catalog/prg.asp?id=IE

 

 

Course at Dalhousie University

 

IENG 4573.03 Industrial Biomechanics

http://ug.cal.dal.ca/IENG.htm

 

The class primarily deals with the functioning of the structural elements of the human body and the effects of external and internal forces on the body. Due emphasis is given to the biomechanical approach to job design. This takes into account human motor capabilities and limitations, work physiology, task demands, equipment and workplace characteristics in an integrated manner. Use of bioinstrumentation and applications of biomechanics in work, industry and rehabilitation are discussed.
http://registrar.dal.ca/calendar/class.php?subj=IENG&num=4573

The Ohio State University - Integrated System Engineering Courses

560: Work Physiology and Biomechanics in Work Design

660: Principles of Occupational Biomechanics and Industrial Ergonomics

http://www-iwse.eng.ohio-state.edu/courses_current.cfm

 

Atlantic International University

Master of Industrial Engineering (MS, MIE)

Occupational Biomechanics

http://www.aiu.edu/Master%20of%20Industrial%20Engineering.htm

Oregon State University

 

IE 366 Anatomy, Biomechanics, Work Physiology

http://classes.engr.oregonstate.edu/mime/winter2010/ie366-001/Slides/class%2003-2%20-%20anatomy,%20biomechanics,%20work%20physiology.pdf

Updated on 24 July 2021

First published in this blog 11 April 2012

Original Knol - Knol Number 1168