Management and Industrial Engineering

Industrial Engineering (IE) is a service to management and MBA curriculums must include IE as a subject to appreciate its role in proper management of the organizations.
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Management Definition

Management of an organization is the process of establishing objectives and goals of the organization periodically, designing the work system and the organization structure, and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, accomplish their aims and objectives and goals of the organization effectively and efficiently (Narayana Rao).

The above definition was developed by me by modifying the definition given by Koontz and O'Donnell.

The definition implies the following.

(i) Management is a process.
(ii) Management applies to every kind of organization, government, profit making, or nonprofit making.
(iii) It applies to managers at all levels in the organization.
(iv) Management is concerned with effectiveness and efficiency.

Effectiveness and efficiency when combined are explained as productivity by Koontz and O'Donnell.

 

Weihrich and Koontz defined Management and explained it as follows in the tenth edition of their book Management: A Global Perspective (p.4).

 

"Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently and accomplish selected aims." This definition needs to be expanded:

 

1. As managers, people carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling.

2. Management applies to any kind of organization.

3. It applies to managers at all organizational levels.

4. The aim of all managers is the same: to create a surplus.

5. Managing is concerned with productivity; this implies effectiveness and efficiency.

Industrial engineering is a discipline that evolved out of the involvement of engineers in managing engineering departments of enterprises. Frederick Taylor and Frank Gilbreth are pioneers of this branch - which is a hybrid  of engineering and management and  is a service to management.

Narayana Rao defined industrial engineering as: "Industrial Engineering is Human Effort Engineering and System Efficiency Engineering. It is an engineering discipline that deals with the design of human effort and system efficiency in all occupations: agricultural, manufacturing and service. The objectives of Industrial Engineering are optimization of productivity of work-systems and occupational comfort, health, safety and income of persons involved." (  Industrial Engineering )

The statement "Industrial Engineering is Human Effort Engineering and System Efficiency Engineering" appeared in the Industrial Engineer (March 2010 issue), magazine of Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE), which is the global association of Productivity and Efficiency professionals.

When both the definitions are examined together, one can easily conclude that industrial engineering is a service to management focusing on the efficiency aspect, which is a function of the management. Managers whenever they require a specialist looking after efficiency, in the division of labor based work organization, employ the services of industrial engineers.

Industrial engineering techniques and tools build efficiency into systems. Production management texts do cover some of the techniques of industrial engineering. Design professionals get some inputs in value engineering. A better system would be to introduce a course on industrial engineering in business curriculums so that business school graduates understand the profession and discipline of industrial engineering appropriately and make use of the services of IE departments in various functions of management.

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Bibliography

Industrial Engineering
Industrial Engineering - Knols of Narayana Rao K V S S


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Original knol - http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/management-and-industrial-engineering/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 2380

Cloud Computing - Cost Reduction Technology - Adoption Case Studies and News

Microsoft and Google in open war in India in Cloud computing business, 29 March 2012, ET news item

SBI is using Google's services. Indian YouthCongress, India Mart, India Infoline, Flipcart, and Sterlite Technoliges are using Google's servces. Google claimed 200,000 business are using Google's services.

Industrial Engineering Opportunity in IT Departments - Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is an efficiency improving technology. Industrial engineers have to understand the potential of this technology and advocate its adoption in the organization and thereby reduce cost of providing IT services.

IBM in a white paper claims reduction of 20 to 29% is possible through adopting cloud computing facilities.

http://www-05.ibm.com/cz/businesstalks/pdf/WP_Dispelling_the_vapor_around_cloud_computing_in_the_financial_services.pdf

Engineering Economics of Cloud Computing

ComputingCloudonomics - A rigorous approach to cloud benefit quantification - Joe Weinman, October 2011, Journal of Software Technology. Joe Weinman is regarded as a top ten cloud experts.

Overview of Cloudonomics - Blog post by Joe Weinman,  April 2011

Sales Force Productivity Improvement - An Industrial Engineering Activity

Industrial engineering is human effort engineering and system efficiency engineering. Industrial engineering takes care of efficiency dimension of management in all activities and functions of an organization. Efficiency improvement takes place through employment of latest efficiency improving technologies as well as efficiency improvements brought about by special studies within the organization and efficiency improvement carried out by various managers, supervisors and operators. Industrial engineering is responsible for all these ways of efficiency engineering of an enterprise.

Industrial engineering has a responsibility to help sales and marketing managers to improve the efficient of sales force.

References for Sales Force Productivity

http://www.crmsoftwareblog.com/2012/02/sales-people-are-more-productive-when-crm-goes-social/  23 February 2012

The New Science of Sales Force Productivity, HBR article - 2006
https://webfiles.uci.edu/imohdsal/www/Harvard%20Business%20Review%20-%20The%20New%20Science%20of%20Sales%20Force%20Productivity.pdf

Increasing Sales Productivity by Making by Getting Salespeople to Work Smarter,
Paper published in Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, August 1988
http://warrington.ufl.edu/mkt/docs/weitz/Increasing_Sales.pdf

Job and Work Analysis - Brannick, Levine and Morgeson - Book Information and Review

Job and Work Analysis

Methods, Research, and Applications for Human Resource Management Second Edition

Michael T. Brannick	University of South Florida
Edward L. Levine	University of South Florida
Frederick P. Morgeson	Michigan State University, Eli Broad Graduate School of Management

Sage Publications 2007

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
Overview of the Book
The Uses of Job Analysis
Definitions

Building Blocks of Job Analysis Methods 
A Couple of Job Analysis Projects 
2. Work-Oriented Methods 
Overview of the Chapter 
Time-and-Motion Study 
Functional Job Analysis 
Task Inventories 
Critical Incident Technique 
Chapter Summary 
3. Worker-Oriented Methods 
Overview of the Chapter 
Job Element Method 
Position Analysis Questionnaire 
Other Trait-Based Worker-Oriented Measures 
Cognitive Task Analysis 
Chapter Summary 
4. Hybrid Methods 
Overview of the Chapter 
Combination Job Analysis Method 
Multimethod Job Design Questionnaire 
Occupational Information Network 
Chapter Summary 
5. Management and Teams 
Overview of the Chapter 
Management and Leadership 
Job Analysis for Teams 
Chapter Summary 
6. Job Analysis and the Law 
Overview of the Chapter 
Federal Legislation 
Enforcement of Equal Employment Opportunity Laws 
Executive orders 
Professional Standards 
Prescriptions for Job Analysis 
Chapter Summary 
7. Job Description, Performance Appraisal, Job Evaluation, and Job Design 
Overview of the Chapter 
Job Description 
Performance Appraisal 
Job Evaluation and Compensation 
Job Design/Redesign 
Chapter Summary 
8. Staffing and Training 
Overview of the Chapter 
Staffing 
Training 
Chapter Summary 
9. Doing a Job Analysis Study 
Overview of the Chapter 
Matching Purpose and Job Analysis Attributes 
Selecting Approaches 
Observations and Interviews 
Questionnaires 
Analyzing Data 
A Note About Accuracy in Job Analysis 
Chapter Summary 
10. The Future of Job Analysis 
Overview of the Chapter 
Changing Conditions 
Implications for Jobs and Job Analysis 
Chapter Summary 
A Final Note 
Glossary 
References 
Index 
About the Authors

http://www.sagepub.com/booksProdDesc.nav?prodId=Book229151&currTree=Subjects&level1=K00#tabview=toc

Review

An important book to be browsed by industrial engineers

Original Knol - http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/job-and-work-analysis-brannick-levine/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 1842

Job Evaluation - Purpose - Consultants

Job evaluation is an instrument available to ensure integration of internal fairness and external competitiveness. A well-designed, carefully implemented job evaluation system is not only a basic tool for driving changes in your company’s reward structures and achieving equal pay for work of equal value, it also defines the value of a job within your company.

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) can help you in the process

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)  can help you develop and implement all, or part, of a job-evaluation system designed to meet the specific needs of your company.

They claim:

Our experienced professionals know how to listen, and they know what questions to ask so that they get the right answers. We can then help you to create the processes and the tools you will need, and, if needed, train your staff in their use. Or, if you would prefer, we can undertake the entire process for you: writing job descriptions, designing or selecting a job-evaluation method, and implementing the chosen method—either PricewaterhouseCoopers’ own IFA or STRATA method, or a 100% customised system, or a system based on a combination of existing methods (already gathered in a database or customised methods). We can also negotiate with the unions in your company; create an effective communications plan, and hold information sessions for your employees; deploy new job classifications, benchmark your salary structure, and implement and maintain the complete procedure, from beginning to end. At PwC our aim is to make your job as easy and effective as possible.

PWC says you consider them when:

• You need a refined evaluation system that includes people's competences.
• You need a evaluation process that can be easily be monitored and adjusted quickly when needed.
• Your company is complex enough to require a number of job evaluation systems that target different groups and objectives.
• You want to develop a job classification procedure that is not a self-contained process but is wholly integrated into the HR value chain—recruitment, salary management, performance management, development and career management).
• You need a new evaluation system that allows you to manage people development and ensure that appropriate skills are developed.

http://www.pwc.com/be/en/hr-management/job-evaluation.jhtml

Hay Group

Hay group provides assistance in job evaluation. It claims:

A consistent, objective framework

Thousands of organizations – including more than half of the world’s largest companies – rely on Hay Group’s job evaluation methodologies to help them bring together the right people, jobs and structures to execute their strategies.

The main Hay Group methodology, the Hay Guide Chart®-Profile Method of Job Evaluation provides you with a consistent and objective framework to:

• analyze your organizational structure and identify ways to make it more effective
• evaluate people and jobs to match the right individuals to the right roles
• define career progressions both from individual roles and across related job groups and
• develop targeted pay and reward programs, using Hay Group’s global compensation database.

All of this ultimately leads to an increased ability to manage your human resources more effectively.

Evolving evaluation

Crucially, this isn’t a one-off approach: the Hay Group job evaluation method is designed to evolve with your business. As a result, several Hay Group clients have used the method successfully to help with job design, talent development and performance management for over 25 years.

http://www.haygroup.com/ww/services/index.aspx?ID=111

Job Evaluation (1952])
Authors: Pigage, Leo Charles; Tucker, John Lawson

http://www.archive.org/details/jobevaluation53piga

Job Evaluation Methods, 1946 (Preface only)

Charles W. Lytle, Professor of Industrial Engineering, New York University,

http://www.library.wisc.edu/selectedtocs/ca1754.pdf

ISOS; A Job Evaluation System to Implement Comparable Worth Intangible Capital, 2008

http://upcommons.upc.edu/revistes/bitstream/2099/4852/1/isos.pdf

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Original knol - http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/ job-evaluation-purpose-consultants/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 32

Computer Graphics Workstation Ergonomics

For Computer Artists

http://www.khulsey.com/computer-workstation-ergonomics.html

Shigeo Shingo - Famous Industrial Engineer of Japan

_______________ _______________

Eco-Economy

 

There is an industrial revolution. There is an internet revolution called knowledge revolution. Some business men are talking of ecological revolution. The economy that that brings about this revolution and also the result of this revolution is termed as eco-economy.

 

The new economy will be much more like an econosystem than the old.

 

The industrial eonomy provided to the people an abundance of manufactured goods. It extracted fossil fuels for energy both coal and petroleum and raw materials to provide variety of goods. The new economic system will also bring a revolutionary change. The new core resource for this revolution is the knowledge. It does not use more material resources but will use knowledge resources.

 

The knowledge resource will make the present products smarter and also will produce smarter products. Making a product smarter in the eco-economy is explained as making existing products that use lesser resources to manufacture as well as to operate. Smarter products provide the currently used services in a whole new way and save material resources. The two ways of using knowledge are termed as eco-efficieny and eco-effiectiveness. Eco-efficiency is making existing products smarter. Eco-effectiveness is creating totally new products that are environmental friendly.

 

Every company has to change itself to participate in eco-economy. There is a scope for some race ahead and derive more benefit from this change in economy.

 

It keeps happening all the times. The existing company may be slow in joining the ecological innovation due to fear that these innovations cannibalize their existing products. But then new ventures come up and take the leadership.

 

 

 

Referece

 

Dr. William K. Shireman, The Eco-Economy: Enhancing Productivity and Environmental Performance,

in Greening Supply Chiain, APO, 2001

Original knol - http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/eco-economy/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 1973

Environmental Value Engineering

EMERGY ANALYSIS
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Environmental Value Engineering - The Concept

The knol Eco-Economy describes some of the features of eco-economy. Eco-efficiency was explained as making existing products smarter. Making existing products do their function or provide their service, but design and fabricate them in such a way that environmental impact due to them in minimized. This immediately leads to the concept of environmental value engineering. Value engineering was a technique proposed by L.D. Miles to reduce the cost of a product while maintaining the existing functional utility. Hence it was cost value engineering. Similar idea can be applied to existing products from environmental value.

Wilfred H. Roudebush, presented the concept of Environmental Value Engineering  at the 2001 Greening of the Campus Conference at Ball State University and explained it in an American Society of Engineering Education Conference in 2003.

Accodring to Roundebush, environmental value engineering evaluates the environmental contribution and impact of built environment alternatives in units of solar EMERGY during the alternative's life cycle.

EMERGY is defined by Roundebush as all the available energy that was used in the work of making a product, including environmental impacts relating to inputs of: environment, fuel energy, goods, and services (labor). EMERGY is expressed in standard units of energy called solar emjoules (SEJ).

The methodology incorporates 10 life cycle phases of man-made products.
 
A. natural resource formation,
B. natural resource exploration and extraction,
C. material production,
D. design,
E. component production,
F. fabrication/construction,
G. use,
H. demolition,
I. natural resource recycling, and
J. disposal.

(Source: http://soa.asee.org/paper/conference/paper-view.cfm?id=18277)

In 2009, he presented another paper. http://goc.iweb.bsu.edu/abstracts/Roudebush_Environmental%20Value%20Engineering.pdf.

One more reference in this context is http://www.ecco.org/pdfs/EV17.pdf. http://www.enst.umd.edu/tilley/emergy/EmergyBldgMatlBuranakarnBrown.pdf is a PhD dissertation related to energy use and has some application to EVE.

Abdulaziz S. Al-Yousefi, in his paper The Synergy between Value Engineering and Sustainable Construction, http://www.ctbuh.org/Portals/0/Repository/T19_AlYousefi.555fe201-a348-4d2e-ba2c-6c335434f59b.pdf    examined the application of value engineering in the context of sustainability.

There is a good amount of foundation work done on topic. We need to find more references in online as well as prinit publications.

Comparison Between Asphalt and Concrete Pavements

In traditional life cycle cost analysis, the emphasis is costs of different pavement alternatives throughout their design lifetimes. When concrete and asphalt systems are compared, the asphalt pavement alternative was usually selected because a concrete system is more expensive to construct and maintain. The  life cycle assessment strategies are being developed that account for factors such as resource depletion, human health effects, and environmental impact in product selection. Environmental value engineering, employs a systems approach methodology to more accurately compare the input requirements and related environmental impacts of pavement alternatives.When concrete and asphalt highway pavement systems are compared using this revised life cycle analysis approach under EVE concrete proves to be superior. In fact, it was shown in an example presented  that based on a normalized unit of comparison, concrete is approximately 47.6% more efficient overall than asphalt.

(Source: http://www.epa.gov/hiri/resources/pdf/post_chicago/chicago_chap4&5.pdf)

EMERGY ANALYSIS

Odum, H.T., Arding, J. (1991). Emergy Analysis of Shrimp Mariculture in Ecuador.
Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island.

http://www.crc.uri.edu/download/Odum_Emergy_Shrimp_Ecuador_OK.pdf

122 page report

Emergy Evaluation by H.T. Odium, 1998

http://www.oilcrisis.com/emergy/EmergyEvaluation.pdf

Promise and Problems of Emergy Analysis
Jorge L. Hau and Bhavik R. Bakshi

http://www.che.eng.ohio-state.edu/~bakshi/EcolModel3.pdf

A Presentation on comparson of Emergy and Exergy - 2008

http://www.conaccount.cuni.cz/storage/1223543259_sb_comparisonofemergy.pdf

Related Knols

Value Engineering in Construction - Structures, Roads, Bridges

Bibliography

Online

Environmental Value Engineering: An assessment methodology to compare the environmental impact of built environment alternative by Wilfred Roubebush

http://personal.bgsu.edu/~wroudeb/EVE/EVEBallState2001.PDF

http://wikibin.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=30740

http://kpvida-leedexam.blogspot.com/search/label/Environmental%20Value%20Engineering

Environmental Value Engineering (EVE) Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete and Asphalt Highway Pavement Systems

by Wilfred H. Roudebush

http://www.nrmca.org/taskforce/Item_2_TalkingPoints/Sustainability/Sustainability/SN2088.pdf

Papers and Articles

Morledge, R., Smith, A, & Kashiwagi, D. T. (2006). Building Procurement. Oxford, UK: RISC Research/Blackwell Publishing.
Roudebush, W. H. (2003). Environmental value engineering: An environmental life cycle assessment methodology for comparing built environment alternatives. Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Conference. Nashville, TN. June 22-25, 2003.
Roudebush, W. H. (1999). Environmental value engineering assessment of concrete and asphalt pavement.
Proceedings of the 78th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. January 10-14, 1999.
Roudebush, W. H. (1998). Environmental Value Engineering (EVE):A green building performance assessment methodology. Conference Proceedings Green Building Challenge '98: An International Conference on the Performance Assessment of buildings. (pp. 173-178). Vancouver, BC, Canada: Natural Resources Canada. October 26-28, 1998.
Graham, P. (1997). Methods for assessing the sustainability of construction and development activity. Unpublished master's thesis, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
Roudebush, W. H. (1994). Using Environmental Value Engineering (EVE) to Assess the Environmental Impact of Built Environment Waste. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Sustainable Construction, International Council for Building Research (CIB) Task Group 16: Construction and Waste (pp. 317-323). Tampa, Florida. November 6-9, 1994.
Kibert, C. J., Roudebush, W. H., & Waller, L. D. (1992). Evaluating the Environmental Impacts of Construction Using the EVE Methodology. Proceedings of International Council for Building Research (CIB)'92 World Building Congress. Montreal, Canada. May 18-22, 1992.

Original Knol - http://knol.google.com/k/ environmental-value-engineering - Knol Number 1974

Toyota Industrial Engineering in Hospitals

Reducing Waste and Errors in Intermountain Health Care using Toyota Industrial Engineering Methods

Managing Change in Improvement Projects - Comfort Zone to Comfort Zone

 

 

 

Industrial engineers have to take care of comfort of the employees/operators/workers. While the basic focus of industrial engineering is speed, it has to consider the comfort of the operator along with it and any speed improvement in the machine or in human effort should not create any discomfort to the operator.

 

But a change in method can always create discomfort. The new method has to be learned by the operator. Recently there is a change in fares of taxis and autorickshaws in Mumbai and Thane. The meters are not changed for increase in fares but a new rate card is issued. Because a driver is not familiar with the new fare, he has to consult his card frequently to find the fare. So there is more work now for him. But after some more days, he will remember the computation and he need not consult the card.

 

Every change initiative goes through that process. The change managers have to assure the operators that the new process does not create any extra trouble for them once it is stabilized and also have to inform the operators the steps that they have taken to make the transition stage also comfortable.

 

The change management literature has to talk of comfort zone to comfort zone transition. I thought I brought up this idea today (24.10.2010), but I found an article by Nigel Brooks which is already there.

Migrating Through the Change Response Cycle From Comfort Zone to Comfort Zone

http://ezinearticles.com/?Migrating-Through-the-Change-Response-Cycle-From-Comfort-Zone-to-Comfort-Zone&id=1764426

 

May be there are some articles on the idea. I have to find out.

 

Management knols of Narayana Rao are being collected in focused blog

http://nraomtr.blogspot.com/

Original knol 3139

Introduction to Industrial Engineering Course at NITIE 2011 - Bulletin Board

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Course page

Introduction to Industrial Engineering - Course at NITIE

Industrial Engineering in Different Engineering Disciplines

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April 2012

Value engineering required
Industrial engineers have to add value by reducing the cost of new popular products as much as possible as fast as possible.

$60  60-Watt LED Bulb
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17788178

2011 Class

Section B 3rd class: 1.7.2011 Discussed Pioneers of Industrial engineering. Test will be there based on 6 topics. 20 minutes. 4 questions.

Section B 2nd class on 29.6.2011: Components of IE. Design of Piston assignment informed. (Various models of Cars)

Section A Second and Third classes on 28.6.2011. Topics covered Components of IE and Pioneers of IE.
Textbook: Maynard's Handbook 5th Edition (Specified chapters) and specified knols in the course page.
Design of Piston assignment announced. Material was given. (Various models of Scooters and Motor cycles).
Information regarding What is industrial engineering? Going's Answer in 1911 and course page was given.
Section A First class was taken on 27.6.2011. Introduction and IE definitions covered. Mathematics assignment was informed.

Section B First class was taken on 24.6.2011 Covered Introduction and Industrial engineering definitions 1911 to 2009 (Going to Narayana Rao)

Mathematics Assignment announced: Application of a mathematical technique in engineering design. (Due within a week)

Original Knol 4897

Operations Research - Interesting Online Papers and Articles

Analysis of the Effects of Uncertainty, Risk-Pooling, and Subcontracting Mechanisms on Project Performance
Authors: Genaro Gutierrez and Anand Paul
Gutierrez-Paul v48.6

Service Design and Price Competition in Business Information Services
Authors: T. C. A. Bashyam
Bashyam v4


Operations Research at Bell Laboratories through the 1970s: Part III
Authors: Cree S. Dawson, Charles J. Mccallum Jr., R. Bradford Murphy and Eric Wolman
Dawson v48.2-3-4

Operations Research at Bell Laboratories through the 1970s: Part II
Authors: Cree S. Dawson, Charles J. Mccallum Jr., R. Bradford Murphy and Eric Wolman
Dawson v48.2-3-4

Operations Research at Bell Laboratories through the 1970s: Part I
Authors: Cree S. Dawson, Charles J. Mccallum Jr., R. Bradford Murphy and Eric Wolman
Dawson v48.2-3-4

Designing Portfolios of Financial Products Via Integrated Simulation and Optimization Models
Authors: Andrea Consiglio and Stavros A. Zenios
Zenios v47.2

Maximizing Revenues of Perishable Assets with a Risk Factor
Authors: Youyi Feng and Baichun Xiao
Xiao v47.2

 

Queing Systems

 

Little's Law

http://web.mit.edu/sgraves/www/papers/Little's%20Law-Published.pdf

Original Knol Number 2990

Human Anatomy - Some Points for IE Students

Muscles
   1. There are three different types of muscles. These are the skeletal muscles, the cardiac muscles and the smooth muscles.
   2. The skeletal type are the those that are trained when people exercise. They are visible in human body.
   3. Most skeletal muscles are directly attached to the bones via tendons.
   4. The smooth muscles are also known as involuntary muscles, and are found within walls of organs. These do their work without conscious control by humans and are within the body. 
   5. The Cardiac muscle is in the heart.
   6. The muscles work by contracting and relaxing. For every contraction a person does, there's another muscular organ that can reverse the movement and reverses it.
   7. Typically, one end of the muscle is attached to a movable part, while the other end is attached to a fixed part.
   8. There are about 640 muscles in the human body.
   9. Almost all of the muscles come in pairs. So there are around 320 pairs.
   10. The muscles are made out of muscle cells which contain thousands or millions of myofibrils.
  11.  "Facia" a type of connection tissue is wrapped around the muscles.

 

 

Each muscle is made up of a large number of muscle fibres, approximately 0.004 inches (0.1 mm) in diameter and ranging in length from 0.2 to 5.5 inches (5-140mm), depending on the size of the muscle. These individual fibres are bound together in bundles by connective tissue. These bundles are penetrated by tiny blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the muscle fibres. Also there are nerves that carry electrical impulses from the spinal cord and brain.

 

In the muscle fibre there are myofibrils and myofilaments. The myofilaments are of two types: thick filaments called as myosin and thin filaments called as actin.

 

(Source: Benjamin Niebel and Frievalds, Methods, Standards and Work Design, 11th Edition)


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A good reference for various systems in the human body

Skeletal system
Muscular system
Circulatory system
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Excretion system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system
Lymphatic system

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm

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Lecture Notes of a Course

HUMB 1020 - Introductory Anatomy

Text of overhead transparancies for introductory lectures in anatomy

1. Introduction 
2. Terminology 
3. Bones 
4. Joints 
5. Muscles & Nerves 
6. Circulatory System & Blood 
7. Respiratory System 
8. Digestive System 
9. Excretory & Reproductive Systems
   

 

http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/humbmods.html#HUMB1020

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Video Lecturers

Very good videos HD Videos.

1. Lecture #1 : Introduction
2. Lecture #2
3. Lecture #3
4. Lecture #4
5. Lecture #5
6. Lecture #6
7. Lecture #7
8. Lecture #8
9. Lecture #9
10. Lecture #10
11. Lecture #11
12. Lecture #12
13. Lecture #13
14. Lecture #14
15. Lecture #15
16. Lecture #16
17. Lecture #17
18. Lecture #18
19. Lecture #19
20. Lecture #20
21. Lecture #21
22. Lecture #22
23. Lecture #23
24. Lecture #24
25. Lecture #25
26. Lecture #26
27. Nervous System XI
28. Lecture #28
29. Lecture #29
30. Lecture #30
31. Lecture #31
32. Female Reproductive System
33. Lecture #33
34. Lecture #34
35. Lecture #35

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BSC1085:Anatomy and Physiology 1
Hillsborough Community College Online Course , Prof. Nick Ehringer 

http://freevideolectures.com/Course/2633/BSC1085-Anatomy-and-Physiology-1  23 video lecutures

 

1. Lecture #1
2. Lecture #2
3. Lecture #3
4. Lecture #4
5. Lecture #5
6. Lecture #6
7. Lecture #7
8. Lecture #8
9. Lecture #9
10. Lecture #10
11. Lecture #11
12. Lecture #12
13. Lecture #13
14. Lecture #14
15. Lecture #15
16. Lecture #16
17. Lecture #17
18. Lecture #18
19. Lecture #19
20. Lecture #20
21. Lecture #21
22. Lecture #22
23. Lecture #23

 

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original knol number 2652

Human Effort Engineering - Related Research Papers and Articles

 

 

 

 

Ergonomic Evaluation of Work Stations Related With the Operation of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Equipment: Two cases of study,

XV CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE ERGONOMIA SEMAC 2009

http://www.semac.org.mx/archivos/congreso11/EVAL5.pdf

 

Gorbel: Loading a milling machine, Richard Howes,  12 May 2008

http://www.ochmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=102:gorbel-loading-a-milling-machine&catid=43:case-studies&Itemid=65

 

Harshavardhan Gupta's Design Tips Related to Ergonomics

http://www.neubauplan.com/Design%20Tips%2015%20Ergonomics.pdf

 

Machine Ergonomics Enhance Efficiency, November 2008,  G.C. Skipper

http://www.constructionequipment.com/article/CA6612665.html

 

Appl Ergon. 1970 Dec;1(5):302-9.

The ergonomics of vertical turret lathe operation.

 

Lathe Height and Ergonomics  - Forum discussion, 2009

http://www.practicalmachinist.com/vb/general/lathe-height-ergonomics-184599/

 

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF A CAPSTAN LATHE

International Journal of Production Research, Volume 3, Issue 3 1964 , pages 213 - 225

 

 

Ergonomics and Reach Truck Applications

http://www.raymondcorp.com/das/PDF_storage/TechnicalPapers/Form0052.pdf

 

 

Ergonomics of Manual Material Handling

http://www.darcor.com/_common/pdfs/WhitePaperFinal.pdf

 

 

Applied ergonomics for operator compartment design in an EJC 88 XLP loader, S. Thorley and N.D.L. Burger
The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, JANUARY 2006

http://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v106n01p043.pdf

 

Ergonomic Seating for Urban Bus Operators, 2000, USA

http://www.atucanada.ca/content_Health_And_Safety/pdf/ergobus.pdf

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_____________________________________________

 

Books

 

Ergonomics in manufacturing: raising productivity through workplace improvement By Waldemar Karwowski, Gavriel Salvendy, 1998, SME

http://books.google.com/books?id=UTvILIxCrAoC

 

 

 

_____________________________________________

Original Knol 2295

Engineering Economic Appraisal by Industrial Engineering Department

Financial appraisal of a project or a capital expenditure proposal, internally and externally is a well established procedure. Similar to financial appraisal of project, there has to be engineering economic appraisal of the project by industrial engineering department. Engineering economic appraisal focuses on assuring the organization that the best economic engineering alternatives are utilized in the project. Industrial engineers with focus on system efficiency engineering are best suited for this appraisal. Engineering economic analysis is economic analysis of engineering alternatives with the objective of selecting best economic engineering alternative. Industrial engineers are the bridge between engineering disciplines and the business disciplines. So they can evaluate whether all available engineering alternatives were brought into decision making or not and whether appropriate economic analysis was carried out or not.

The google search indicated that the term "engineering ecnomic appraisal" was used earlier by Graham A. Davis Colorado School of Mines Golden in the statement "a more appropriate title would be An Engineering-Economic Appraisal of a Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution System: An Indonesian Case Study.

in the book review of The Economic Appraisal of Natural Gas Projects By WILLEM J. H. VAN GROENENDANL. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 230 pages. ISBN 0-19-730019-7 in The Energy Journal,  July, 1999 ( http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/55367379.html ) 

Original Knol 2306

Gear Manufacturing - Industrial Engineering

Integrating Six Sigma and Theory of Constraints in Gear Cutting 

Boom machines six sigma improvement
Gear manufacturers sharpen their teeth
Hard Alloy Gear Circular Saw Blades

State of Gear Technology 2011

Evaluating Six Sigma Implementation in Medium Scale Automotive Enterprises - R.U. Sambhe, IJEST, March 2011

Six Sigma in India: Analysis on  Benefits drawn by Indian Industries - Darshak A. Desai , JIEM, December 2009


Consultants

Six Sigma India  http://www.sixsigmaindia.net/

Case Study for Class Discussion
Six Sigma Consultancy by Wipro Technologies

Engineering Economics - Books and Contents

            

 

 

Engineering Economy, 6/e, Leland Blank and Anthony Tarquin, McGraw Hill, New York, 2005

 

Table of Contents :

 

Level 1 This is How It All Starts
Chapter 1: Foundations of Engineering Economy
Chapter 2: Factors: How Time and Interest Affect Money
Chapter 3: Combining Factors
Chapter 4: Nominal and Effective Interest Rates
Level 2 Tools for Evaluating Alternatives
Chapter 5: Present Worth Analysis
Chapter 6: Annual Worth Analysis
Chapter 7: Rate of Return Analysis: Single Alternative
Chapter 8: Rate of Return Analysis: Multiple Alternatives
Chapter 9: Benefit/Cost Analysis and Public Sector Economics
Chapter 10: Making Choices: the Method, MARR, and Multiple Attributes
Level 3 Making Decisions on Real-World Projects
Chapter 11: Replacement and Retentions Decisions
Chapter 12: Selection from Independent Projects Under Budget Limitation
Chapter 13: Breakeven Analysis
Level 4 Rounding Out the Study
Chapter 14: Effects of Inflation
Chapter 15: Cost Estimation and Indirect Cost Allocation
Chapter 16: Depreciation Methods
Chapter 17: After-Tax Economic Analysis
Chapter 18: Formalized Sensitivity Analysis and Expected Value Decisions
Chapter 19: More on Variation and Decision Making Under Risk

 

 

Engineering Economic Analysis: Student's Quick Study Guide,  Donald G. Newnan, Edward W. Wheeler, Ed Wheeler, Ted Eschenbach, Jerome P. Lavelle, Contributor Ed Wheeler, Oxford University Press US, 2004

 

Table of Contents :

 

Course Summary

cash flow, rate of return, salvage value

Making Economic Decisions

50 cents, Property taxes, Lbs of raw

Engineering Costs and Cost Estimating

Weakley county, Factory overhead, gizmo

Interest and Equivalence

Solution F, compounded monthly, interest

More interest Formulas

effective interest rate, Effective annual rate, continuously compounded

Present Worth Analysis

salvage value, net present value, effective interest rate

Annual Cash Flow Analysis

interest rate, equivalent uniform annual, EUAW

Rate of Return Analysis

interpolate, Solution F, if dividends

7A Difficulties Solving for an interest Rate

following cash flow, interpolation, Accumulated Cash Flow

1ncremental Analysis

Salvage Value, Big Bite, Choose most expensive

Other Analysis Techniques

payback period, breakeven, Sim City

Uncertainty in Future Events

Salvage Value, megawatt, Gaseous diffusion

Depreciation

book value, MACRS, diatomaceous earth

Income Taxes

income tax, Taxes ATCF, SOYD

Replacement Analysis

equivalent annual cost, heat exchanger, EACA

1nflation and Price Change

capital gains tax, property tax, payback

Selection of a Minimum Attractive Rate of Return

Backhoe, Cost of Capital, model Y

Economic Analysis in the Public Sector

equivalent annual cost, benefit-cost ratio, interest rate

Rationing Capital Among Competing Projects

Capital Budget, Present Worth, Worth of Benefits

Accounting and Engineering Economy

Current Liabilities, Current Assets, Quick ratio

 

Engineering Economics, 4th Edition, James L. Riggs, David D. Bedworth, and Sabah U. Randhawa

McGraw Hill, New York, 1996

 

Table of Contents :


    1. Introduction to Engineering Economics
    2. Time Value of Money
    3. Present-Worth Comparisons
    4. Equivalent Annual-Worth Comparisons
    5. Rate-of-Return Calculations
    6. Structural Analysis of Alternatives
    7. Replacement Analysis
    8. Analysis of Public Projects
    9. Depreciation and Income Tax Considerations
    10. Effects of Inflation
    11. Sensitivity Analysis
    12. Break-even Analysis
    13. Risk Analysis
    14. Multistage Sequential Analysis
    15. Multiattribute Decision Making

 

http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/engineering-economics-books-and-contents/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 247

Safety Gloves

Introduction

Operators’ hands at work are extremely vulnerable to a wide range of hazards which include cuts, blows, chemical attack and temperature extremes. Safety gloves protect hands of operators from such hazards.

There is a growing insistence on the use of "job fitted" safety gloves that meet each of the users' specific requirements and manufacturers of safety gloves are able to meet this demand.

(Source for the picture: http://www.alphabetsigns.com/p/SS032611/  [3])

OSHA Standards on Hand Protection - 1910.138 


1910.138(a)
 General requirements. Employers shall select and require employees to use appropriate hand protection when employees' hands are exposed to hazards such as those from skin absorption of harmful substances; severe cuts or lacerations; severe abrasions; punctures; chemical burns; thermal burns; and harmful temperature extremes.  1910.138(b)
Selection. Employers shall base the selection of the appropriate hand protection on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to be performed, conditions present, duration of use, and the hazards and potential hazards identified.

 

 

European Standards for Gloves [1]

Implies that the gloves comply with the basic requirements laid down by the EEC directive: Personal Protective Equipment.

Simple Design (Category 1)

For areas of 'minimal risk' where the effects of not wearing a glove are easily reversible or superficial. Such products are self certified.

Intermediate Design (Category 2)

For areas of specific risk i.e. mechanical risks. Such products will have been EC type tested against European test methods and certified by a notified body.

Complex Design (Category 3)

For areas/applications that can seriously or irreversibly harm the health. Such products, in addition to the CE type test, will also have to be either produced under an approved quality system OR be typed tested on an annual basis.

EN 388 - This standard applies to all kinds of protective gloves giving protection from mechanical risks, in respect of physical problems caused by abrasion, blade cut, puncture, or tearing. This standard also covers risk of electrostatic discharge.
EN 374 - This standard specifies the capability of gloves to protect the user against chemicals and/or micro-organisms.
EN 511 - This standard applies to gloves which protect the hands against convective and contact cold.
EN 407 - This standard specifies thermal performance for protective gloves against heat and/or fire.
EN 659 - This standard defines performance requirements for gloves designed to protect fire fighters against heat and flames.
If a glove is to be used for food handling, it is required to carry either the words 'for food use' or this symbol.

	Mechanical Hazards EN 388	Performance Level
a) Abrasion resistance		0-4
b) Blade-cut resistance		0-5
c) Tear resistance		0-4
d) Puncture resistance		0-4
	EN 511 : Cold	Performance Level
a) Convective cold		0-4
b) Contact cold		0-4
c) Water proofness		0-1

	Thermal Hazards EN 407	Performance Level
a) Burning behaviour		0-4
b) Contact heat		0-4
c) Convective heat		0-4
d) Radiant heat		0-4
e) Small splashes of molten metal		0-4
f) Large splashes of molten metal		0-4

Types of Safety Gloves

General purpose

Latex (Natural rubber) gloves

Nitrile glove

Cut protection gloves

http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/products/kevlar/cut_products.html

Chemical protection gloves

Material of glove,

PVA

PVC

Butyl Rubber

(some more to be included)

Types of Gloves - Bibliography

http://www.dawginc.com/protective-gloves-ar1

http://www.safetycommunity.com/profiles/blogs/what-are-the-different-types

http://www.ehs.berkeley.edu/hs/63-laboratory-safety/94-glove-selection-and-usage.html

Safety Glove Manufacturers and  Suppliers 

India:

Vinit Gloves Manufacturing Pvt. Ltd. [2] is an 100% export oriented company. They are are manufacturers & exporters of Industrial Leather Gloves from Kolkata, India. the product range includes rigger gloves. driver gloves and welder gloves.

UK:

Greenham Safety Gloves, UK [1] offers a comprehensive range of safety gloves - in excess of 200 different types and styles from which to choose.

Fix8 Ltd [5] have a range of safety gloves and other safety equipment for most, if not all work needs. Fix8 also have a large number of many other construction and industrial supplies to offer as a large UK supplier of industrial products.


USA:
Superior Glove Ltd, USA [4] has been in business since 1910. It has  three manufacturing facilities and sells over 250, 000 pairs of gloves a day.
Safety Signs [3] have a list of safety signs and produce many other types of signs for all sorts of businesses and uses.

References:

1. Greenham Safety Gloves, http://safety-gloves.greenham.com/

2. Vinit Gloves Manufacturing Pvt. Ltd., http://www.vinitgloves.com/

3.  Safety Signs, http://www.alphabetsigns.com/c/SS00/safety-signs.html

4. Superior Glove Ltd, http://www.superiorglove.com/about/index.asp

5. Fix8 Ltd, Safety Gloves http://www.fix8.co.uk/products/PPE+Safety+Equipment/Safety+Gloves

Bibliography

1. Chemical Glove Selection for farm workers, http://www.elcosh.org/docs/d0100/d000155/d000155.html

2. Medical gloves - FAQs, http://www.kchealthcare.com/LrnFAQsQandA.asp?id=804&CategoryName=Medical%20Gloves%20-%20Standards%20and%20Regulations

________________________________________________________________________________________

Social networking site for safety professionals

http://www.safetycommunity.com/

Original post
http://knol.google.com/k/ safety-gloves, Knol Number 1148

Business Excellence Training Courses India - SSA Business Solutions India

Courses 2012

Value Stream Mapping - Understanding Material and Information Flow in Systems
June 2012
http://www.ssa-solutions.com/training-program/value-stream-mapping.php

Civil Engineering Economics or Economy

Resources

Civil Engineering: ECONOMY. Authors: Donald G. Newman, Donald G. Newnan, Format: Paperback, 108 pages.

Journal Construction Management and Economics, 12 issues per year

VALUE ENGINEERING & COST SAVING ISSUES ON USA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (DOTS) - Paper related to Highway construction - Download the paper from

http://www.fab.utm.my/download/ConferenceSemiar/ICCI2006S1PP14.pdf

COST REDUCTION STRATEGIES FOR CONTRACTORS Through Risk Management

http://www.irmi.com/conferences/crc/handouts/crc20/workshops/costreductionstrategies.pdf

Why are you ignoring the cost reduction profit that a Red Rhino™ 5000 series compact crusher makes?

http://www.redrhinocrushers.com/5000-compact-crusher-cost-savings.php

CE1451 ENGINEERING ECONOMICS AND COST ANALYSIS 3 0 0 100

OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this course is to make the Civil Engineering student know about the basic law of economics, how to organise a business, the financial aspects related to business, different methods of appraisal of projects and pricing techniques. At the end of this course the student shall have the knowledge of how to start a construction business, how to get finances, how to account, how to price and bid and how to assess the health of a project.

1. BASIC ECONOMICS 15
Definition of economics - nature and scope of economic science - nature and scope of managerial economics - basic terms and concepts - goods - utility - value - wealth - factors of production - land - its peculiarities - labour - economies of large and small scale - consumption - wants - its characteristics and classification - law of diminishing marginal utility - relation between economic decision and technical decision - Demand - demand schedule - demand curve - law of demand - elasticity of demand - types of elasticity - factors determining elasticity - measurement - its significance - supply - supply schedule - supply curve - law of supply - elasticity of supply - time element in the determination of value - market price and normal price - perfect competition - monopoly - monopolistic competition

2. ORGANISATION AND FINANCING 15
Forms of business - proprietorship - partnership - joint stock company - cooperative organisation - state enterprise - mixed economy - money and banking - banking - kinds - commercial banks - central banking functions - control of credit - monetary policy - credit instrument - Types of financing - Short term borrowing - Long term borrowing - Internal generation of funds - External commercial borrowings - Assistance from government budgeting support and international finance corporations - analysis of financial statement – Balance Sheet - Profit and Loss account - Funds flow statement

3. COST ANALYSIS 10
Types of costing – traditional costing approach - activity base costing - Fixed Cost – variable cost – marginal cost – cost output relationship in the short run and in long run – pricing practice – full cost pricing – marginal cost pricing – going rate pricing – bid pricing – pricing for a rate of return – appraising project profitability –internal rate of return – pay back period – net present value – cost benefit analysis – feasibility reports – appraisal process – technical feasibility- economic feasibility – financial feasibility

4. BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS 5
Basic assumptions – break even chart – managerial uses of break even analysis

TOTAL : 45
TEXT BOOKS
1. Dewett K.K. & Varma J.D., Elementary Economic Theory, S Chand
2. Sharma JC “Construction Management and Accounts” Satya Prakashan, New Delhi
REFERENCES
1. Barthwal R.R., Industrial Economics - An Introductory Text Book, New Age
2. Jhingan M.L., Micro Economic Theory, Konark
3. Samuelson P.A., Economics - An Introductory Analysis, McGraw-Hill
4. Adhikary M., Managerial Economics
5. Khan MY and Jain PK “Financial Management” McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Ltd
6. Varshney RL and Maheshwary KL “ Managerial Economics” S Chand and Co

Source:

http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/3238-ANNUNIVERSITY-BE-CIVIL-ENGINEERING-VIII-SEMESTER-CE--ENGINEERING-ECONOMICS-AND-COST-ANALYSIS.aspx

Originally posted in Knol
http://knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao/civil-engineering-economics-or-economy/ 2utb2lsm2k7a/ 650

Industrial Engineering is Project and Report Oriented and Management Continuous Direction Oriented

When you want to differentiate between industrial engineering which is subject of management or discipline of management, and management as a whole, one characteristic is that the output of an industrial engineer is captured in a report which can be evaluated, modified and approved by a manager or group  of managers and implemented. In case of management, there is planning and organization which are report oriented, but direction and leading are guidance oriented or continuous interaction oriented. They clarify the situation or requirements on a continuous basis and keep up the enthusiasm and the positive feelings in people all around for better effort and output by the system.

Efficiency in Public Service - Debate at RSA - YouTube Video - 2011

2011 Video

RSA Royal Society of Arts, Commerce and Manufactures
_____________ _____________

Bad Designs Due to not using Human Effort Engineering Principles

Examples

________________

http://www.baddesigns.com/?downloadURL=true&loId=131E43EF-1C7E-41A1-914E-7923E4C64EFB
________________

Boeing 777 - Industrial Engineering and Cost Reduction

Financial Analysis of Boeing 777 - 1990

_____________

IE projects: Enabling more proactive IE support of factory efficiency

From IIE documents

_____________

Boeing 777 - A Look back
by Wolf L. Glende, Chief Engineer, Systems, 777 Airplane Program

Reducing Flowtime in Aircraft Manufacture - 1990 study and report

Reducing Flowtime in Aircraft Manufacture - MIT Working Paper - 1992

Upgrading electrical and control systems of wing fastening machines improves productivity - 2012 report


Assembly Process
 _______________


Assembly Process - May be part of above
_______________


787 assembly process
________________ ________________

Use of Titanium in Boeing 777
Use of Composites In Boeing
_______________

Improvement Projects at Boeing Everett - Lean initiatives

Challenges in Aerospace leadership - Stan Sorscher

Simultaneous Optimization of Multiple Aircraft Family

How Boeing Tracts Costs - An explanation by accounts person

Lean Initiatives at Boeing - 2000 report