Many other disciplines help industrial engineers to achieve their objectives. But the main discipline that is the foundation for IE is engineering of products and processes.
Questions on Machine, Equipment and Tools to Improve Elements of Value-Adding Operations or Processing Operations
Operations Analysis - Maynard and Stegemerten (1939)
Barnes has focused on the motions and activities of the operators and he mentioned machines in a brief manner. It is Maynard and Stegemerten who documented the practice of Westinghouse in the book "Operational Analysis." In this description of productivity improvement many aspects related to machine are covered first and then only at the end of standardizing the machine related aspects, motion study, the work of the operator is investigated. Thus we can see in process improvement, process machine effort improvement and process human effort improvement. Better machines, more useful cutting tools, faster movements of required machine parts, better machine accessories etc. increase productivity and reduce costs.
The following questions are suggested by Maynard and Stegemerten for logical analysis of machine, equipment and tools.
About Machine
1. Is the machine tool best suited to the performance of the operation of all machine tools available?
2. Would the purchase of a better machine be justified?
About Fixture - Workholding
3. Can the work be held in the machine by other means to better advantage?
4. Should a vise be used?
5. Should a jig be used?
6. Should clamps be used?
7. Is the jig design good from a motion-economy standpoint?
8. Can the part be inserted and removed quickly from the jig?
9. Would quick-acting cam-actuated tightening mechanisms be desirable on vise, jig, or clamps?
10. Can ejectors for automatically removing part when vise or jig is opened be installed?
11. Is chuck of best type for the purpose?
12. Would special jaws be better?
13. Should a multiple fixture be provided?
14. Should duplicate holding means be provided so that one may be loaded while machine is making a cut on a part held in the other?
About Cutting Tools
15. Are the cutters proper?
16. Should high-speed steel or cemented carbide cutting tool be used?
17. Are tools properly ground?
18. Is the necessary accuracy readily obtainable with tool and fixture equipment available?
19. Are all operators and machines provided with the same tools?
20. Can a special tool be made to improve the operation?
Because of the wide variety of tools available for different kinds of work, this list could be extended almost indefinitely with specific questions. Foundries, forge shops, processing industries, assembly plants, and so on all have different kinds of tools, and different questions might be asked in each case. The list given above, drawn up principally and by no means completely for machine work, will indicate the kind of searching, suggestive questions that should be asked.
A special list might well be drawn up by each individual plant to cover the questions on the kind of machines, machine tools that are used in its own work.
Source:
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2019/06/machine-work-study-productivity.html
Say YES to Knowledge Based Industrial Engineering.
Use recent developments in engineering & technologies in process improvement for productivity.
Forward Thinking About Productivity: Assess each engineering and technology development about its productivity benefit for the processes of your organization.
News Relating to Value-Adding Operation in the Process
Do it. It is Real Engineering. Industrial Engineering is Engineering Primarily.
Find 5 new engineering developments every day in elements related to facilities, products and processes in your organization and assess their use for industrial engineering.
Best Practices in #IndustrialEngineering
2024
Markforged Unveils ‘World’s First’ Metal and Advanced Composite Industrial 3D Printer
Aug 27, 2024.
Markforged released the FX10 as a composite-only printer in November 2023. The FX10 was made with a modular architecture, allowing for upgrades.
Now, Markforged Holding Corp. has released an upgrade that make FX10, the world’s first industrial printer that can print both metal filaments and composites with continuous fiber reinforcement. It comes in the form of the FX10 metal kit, an attachment for the FX10.
Optimizing mixing efficiency: 5 strategies for industrial manufacturers
Nov. 7, 2023
Mixing by stirring: Optimizing shapes and strategies
Maximilian F. Eggl and Peter J. Schmid
Phys. Rev. Fluids 7, 073904 – Published 27 July 2022
[Submitted on 16 Aug 2021 (v1), last revised 11 Aug 2022 (this version, v2)]
Mixing by stirring: optimizing shapes and strategies
Maximilian F. Eggl, Peter J. Schmid
The mixing of binary fluids by stirrers is a commonplace procedure in many industrial and natural settings, and mixing efficiency directly translates into more homogeneous final products, more enriched compounds, and often substantial economic savings in energy and input ingredients. Enhancements in mixing efficiency can be accomplished by unorthodox stirring protocols as well as modified stirrer shapes that utilize unsteady hydrodynamics and vortex-shedding features to instigate the formation of fluid filaments which ultimately succumb to diffusion and produce a homogeneous mixture. We propose a PDE-constrained optimization approach to address the problem of mixing enhancement for binary fluids. Within a gradient-based framework, we target the stirring strategy as well as the cross-sectional shape of the stirrers to achieve improved mixedness over a given time horizon and within a prescribed energy budget. The optimization produces a significant enhancement in homogeneity in the initially separated fluids, suggesting promising modifications to traditional stirring protocols.
2023
9FS1 CBN grinding wheels for Wood-Mizer,Lenox,Fenes,Ro-Ma,Pilana HSS band saw blade
August 24, 2023
Adding Feeder Bowls to An Existing Multi-Axis Robot or Cobot Station
POSTED BY FEEDING CONCEPTS ON AUGUST 1, 2022
CNC Sewing Machines - Productivity & Quality Benefits
2022
Adaptix Soft Jaw
9/12/2022 12 September
The highlight of this product is it can be dropped onto different vises, such as Schunk, Kurt, etcetera.
The product offer benefits such as instant setup, elimination of storage, interchangeable pin tips, vise compatibility, durability and field repairability. Adaptix is said to solve several machining problems by being able to grip nearly any part with repeatability and noted clamping force. When designing this product, Norgren wanted to bring reduced setup and changeover times, costs and time spent designing, creating and storing vises and soft jaws.
https://www.mmsonline.com/suppliers/norgren-workholding
Published 4/20/2022
3 Types of 3D Printed Tooling for Injection Molding
3D printed tooling for injection molding, including mold inserts, components and end of arm tooling, were on display at the Plastics Technology Expo.
Additive Manufacturing Process Improvement - SST Technology (SST).
Part setup time reduced from 4 hours to 25 minutes. Manufacturing 7 times as many parts. Machining cycle time halved from 15 hours to 7.5 hours.
60,000 rpm Spindle Speed
Desktop Metal Announces New Printer
April 21, 2022
By Desktop Metal
Press Release
https://www.sme.org/technologies/articles/2022/april/desktop-metal--announces-new-printer/
Aerospace part production cost saving being explored.
15 FEBRUARY 2022
Leading aerospace companies including Airbus and Safran Landing Systems are working with a consortium to reduce part production costs through a combination of forging, forming and additive manufacturing.
Funded by the Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI), and supported by the High Value Manufacturing Catapult, the Hybrid Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Sprint, the consortium include NMIS Digital Factory, Cranfield University and the Northern Ireland Technology Centre (NITC).
The group is working to devise a new Hybrid DED process.
Complete machining of truck camshafts in one clamping
Cutting Tool Engineering
February 14, 2022
Inexpensive, Lightweight Motorcycle Aluminum Frames with High Design Appeal
Aluminum frames made with our CF die-casting technology
https://global.yamaha-motor.com/business/cf/case/case05/
Magnesium Chassis Parts for Motorcycles
Examples of large, cast magnesium parts with thin sections
Based on our CF (controlled filling) die-casting technology for aluminum, Yamaha was able to successfully develop casting methods yielding even melt flow and solidification for magnesium-specific part designs; optimized control of vacuum degree in the mold cavity, mold temperature, and melt injection speed; and melt control that minimizes impurity content. These and other achievements made it possible to cast large magnesium parts with thin sections, thereby practicalizing the use of magnesium for large motorcycle chassis parts.
https://global.yamaha-motor.com/business/cf/case/case04/
Interesting Videos
2020 Best Improvements
42,902 views. 20 Dec 2020
2017 Best Improvements
90,407 views. 23 Dec 2017
Continuous process improvement: Penny Weller at TEDxKalamazoo
165,435 views. 7 Feb 2014
Potential of welding automation to improve productivity and efficiency.
By Engineering Department | Arc Machines, Inc. January 25, 2022
https://www.allaboutpiping.com/what-is-orbital-welding/
Orbital welding is a technique whereby the welding tool is rotated through 360° (or 180° in double up welding) around a static workpiece. Originally developed to solve the problem of operator error in Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding (also known as Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)), and allow for a uniform weld around pipes and tubes, which can be difficult to achieve with manual welding processes.
The orbital welding process can create high quality repeatable welds with the use of a computer, meaning that there is little need for intervention from a welding operator. The process is used for two main applications; tube-to-tube / pipe-to-pipe joining and tube-to-tubesheet joining.
https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-orbital-welding
The Orbital Welding Process
Orbital Welding was developed to address the issue of operator error in GTAW processes. The process was developed 50 years ago, but is becoming increasingly popular in recent years. With automated welding, the computer-controlled process runs with little intervention from the operator. Computer controlled systems combine arc current, feed and speed to allow the ‘orbital weld head’ to travel around the tube in a steady and repeatable manner. The operator’s responsibility becomes simply fit-up and monitoring in most cases. Once a weld schedule (program) has been developed for a specific ‘heat’ of material, the weld profile should remain consistent.
High quality, repeatable welds can be delivered for critical applications but this comes with a price. The cost of Orbital Welding Equipment when compared with conventional equipment is 5-10 times the initial capital cost. The good news is that much of this cost can be recovered over time as productivity ranges between 2-3 times that of conventional means.
https://www.criticalsystemsinc.com/orbital-welding/orbital-welding-vs-traditional-gtaw
Questions and Answers on Manufacturing Processes
Video 1
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Milling Head with Sensors for High-Speed Zero-Defect process.
The aim of the activity is to bring to market a new sensory milling head, with the scope of upgrading large scale machining to a High-Speed Zero-Defect process.
The milling head will be based on the Sensory Tool Holder, which has been developed by TU Wien together with MyTool IT and Schunk. This development goes beyond the state of the art, integrating vibration and temperature monitoring modules with a specific interface between milling head and tool holder for energy and information transfer in a single tool system that also provides adaptive control of milling process parameters for large scale machining. The milling head will be commercialized by Walter tools and MyTool IT in accordance with a user and sales agreement. Voestalpine HPM will act as an end user for this product, having a large experience in large scale machining. Other markets such as aerospace, energy, etc. will contribute to scale up the solution after the project.
Start date:
1 January 2021
https://www.eitmanufacturing.eu/news-media/activities/sensor-integrated-high-speed-machining-for-zero-defects/
Machining connecting rods with Junker grinding machines
Author Cutting Tool Engineering
Published January 31,2022 - 09:30pm
https://www.ctemag.com/news/industry-news/machining-connecting-rods-junker-grinding-machines
Multi-Axis Machining: Beyond Mainstream
January 10, 2022
Ed Sinkora
By Ed Sinkora
Contributing Editor,
SME Media
Five-axis machining has progressed from exotic to mainstream over the past few years. Assessing how that transition plays out in the broader job shop environment requires untangling the many machine tool options available that exceed five-axis configurations.
https://www.sme.org/technologies/articles/2022/january/multi-axis-machining-beyond-mainstream/
Artificial intelligence enabled smart machining and machine tools
Yu Sung Chuo, Ji Woong Lee, Chang Hyeon Mun, In Woong Noh, Sina Rezvani, Dong Chan Kim, Jihyun Lee, Sang Won Lee & Simon S. Park
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology volume 36, pages1–23 (2022)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12206-021-1201-0
2021
Automating Image Feeding for Computer Vision based Machine Learning.
20/20 computer vision for artificial intelligence
Toyota, Intel and LinkedIn use Israeli startup Dataloop to slash the time and cost of building AI image banks
By LISA GANN
19 December 2021, 12:00 pm
Ubiquity of Industrial Engineering Principle of Industrial Engineering.
Engineering subjects belong to one engineering branch or other. Every #engineering branch has product design process, process design process, production process, inspection process, material handling process, storage process, equipment operating process, equipment maintenance process, equipment replacement process, equipment retirement process, reuse and recycling process.
Industrial engineers have to develop productivity science based on #productivity measurements for all engineering processes and output, do productivity engineering to improve productivity and do productivity management to plan, manage and realize productivity improvement. To do it, industrial engineers need to have the knowledge of the concerned engineering subject, process or output.
#IndustrialEngineering
Zurich, Switzerland, 2021/12/15 - Global technology company ABB has today launched its Tundish EMS solution to enable steelmakers to overcome the limited ability of the tundish vessel in controlling the flow of molten metal, and therefore steel quality and temperature - ABB.com. ABBN: SIX Swiss Ex
• ABB’s new Tundish EMS (electromagnetic stirring) offering will improve quality, productivity and profitability in billet and bloom casting and metal powder production;
• The new technology enables steel plant operators to overcome challenges of controlling flow, steel quality and temperature in tundish not yet solved by furniture systems;
• Solution will match the industry’s higher requirements for steel cleanliness.
Tundish EMS is placed on the outside of the tundish and uses non-contact electromagnetic stirring technology to generate an electromagnetic field that creates a stirring effect in the bath melt. This continuous stirring significantly increases mixing zone volume for virtually the entire tundish, with higher flow speeds, elimination of dead zones and homogenization of temperature.
Adoption of this electromagnetic stirring technology will be particularly important for steelmakers with multiple casting strands coming from one tundish. It will mean greater removal of inclusions, resulting in smoother, cleaner steel and reductions in nozzle clogging.
By creating a stirring flow throughout the entire tundish melt bath, Tundish EMS delivers rapid homogenization of temperature and chemical composition that results in better quality steel, more uniform and repeatable casting conditions across multiple strands and overall improved quality, productivity and profitability in billet and bloom casting and metal powder production.
“The new Tundish EMS is a result of ABB’s know-how in stirrer design and unrivalled process insight gained from thousands of installations as well as track record in collaborative product development,” said Zaeim Mehraban, Global Sales Manager, Metallurgy Products at ABB. “It allows steelmakers to overcome a challenge that tundish furniture has not yet be
Modify a Hex Head into Torx Head with 0.02" (0.49mm) Tool!
9 Dec 2021
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thdnBKGHGzY
NYC - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCe0IyK4ntgdPTTjsxjvyHPg
https://www.productionmachining.com/blog/post/understanding-cnc-collet-chucks
Mass production construction elements
Delhi man designs contactless golgappa machine. Watch video
November 25, 2021
Automatic Fish Meat Separator
Size J150- $ 1,325
Renishaw - Two New AM Machines in RenAM 500 range
November 23, 2021
Renishaw, UK, launched a new range of Additive Manufacturing machines, based on its RenAM 500 range, the RenAM 500S Flex, a single-laser AM machine, and the RenAM 500Q Flex, a four-laser AM machine. Both machines feature a simplified powder handling system said to be well suited to manufacturers who must regularly swap build materials during production, such as research and development (R&D), pre-production or bureau environments. The range features the same optical, chamber and gas-flow designs as the RenAM 500 series and produces the same quality parts, but provides additional flexibility when changing powders.
Gripper, Pneumatic Vise Help Automate VMC
Nov. 18, 2021
KURT WORKHOLDING and ABSOLUTE MACHINE TOOLShave created an automation package featuring a Mitsubishi LoadMate Plus robot, Kurt 3600A pneumatic vise, and Kurt RV36 robotic gripper working in tandem with a Tongtai VP-10 mass-production, high-speed vertical machining center.
“Absolute is very excited to have this opportunity to collaborate with Mitsubishi Electric to design and build the new LoadMate Plus robotic automation cell.
https://www.americanmachinist.com/new-products/article/21181687/gripper-pneumatic-vise-help-automate-vmc-kurt-workholding
ExOne announces first sales of new InnoventPro 3L machines to Siemens and Neoshapes
November 17, 2021
The ExOne Company, Pennsylvania, USA, has announced multiple sales of its new InnoventPro™ 3L Binder Jetting (BJT) Additive Manufacturing machine. Siemens and Swiss startup Neoshapes SA placed early orders.
The InnoventPro 3L is an advanced entry-level model, designed to provide the ease-of-use features of the Innovent+ and bigger build areas, the speed and technology features of the company’s production-ready AM machines, such as the X1 25Pro® and X1 160Pro™.
The InnoventPro features Siemens controls, which integrate with the printer drives, motors, sensors, as well as Siemens MindSphere IoT operating system, which powers ExOne’s Scout machine monitoring and analysis app. Siemens intends to use the InnoventPro at its Charlotte Advanced Technology Collaboration Hub (CATCH), Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, to develop materials and processes before taking scaling them on the X1 160Pro.
Optima Group Introduces New Machine Solutions for Glass Syringes
Assembly machine covers tray handling, product separation, inserting and bonding the cannula, and various hardness and test procedures.
11.11.21
At the Compamed and Medica trade shows taking place between November 15 and 18, 2021, Optima Life Science and Optima Automation are showcasing new solutions.
Optima Automation, also a subsidiary of the Optima Group, will provide information at Compamed about a new assembly Solution for glass syringes, among other things. The OPTIMA GSM has been optimized for even gentler product handling, higher efficiency and greater flexibility. The assembly machine covers the processes of tray handling, product separation, inserting and bonding the cannula as well as various hardness and test procedures.
Optomec - Two New Production Additive Manufacturing Machines
Fully Automated Metal Additive and 3D Printed Electronics machines reduce production costs
November 16, 2021
Optomec Inc., a leader in production solutions for Metal Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printed Electronics, is now offering two new Additive Manufacturing machines. Both of these machines are specifically designed for high volume production, incorporate automated part-handling options and are designed with operator-friendly production software for error-free job sequencing in a manufacturing setting.
The first of these machines is the HC-TBR, a compact, all-in-one Metal Additive Manufacturing machine that uses LENS® Directed Energy Deposition (DED) to build or repair 3D metal parts with a wide variety of alloys. In particular, this new machine is capable of processing reactive metal alloys such as titanium and aluminum at high volume in an oxygen-free chamber to ensure superior mechanical properties. Using advanced laser optics, the machine can remotely change the size and power profile of its laser beam, enabling significant reductions in print times. This is a first for the industry. The machine was designed in response to manufacturers in several industries that are seeking lower cost methods of producing and repairing titanium components as the industrial use of titanium continues to grow worldwide.
The second machine to be highlighted is the new Aerosol Jet® HD2 3D Electronics Printer for 3D Semiconductor Packaging/Assembly. The Aerosol Jet HD2, uses Optomec’s patented Aerosol Jet solution to produce high resolution circuitry (with features as small as 10 microns), including a unique ability to dispense conformal 3D interconnects between die, chips, components and substrates. This interconnect approach is all the more powerful due to its improved performance at high signal frequencies, enabling longer range and reduced power consumption in emerging segments such as 5G communications, automotive radar and defense applications. As a primary application, the Aerosol Jet HD2 can serve as a drop-in replacement for the decades-old method of connecting electrical components with wire bonds, which suffer from several critical deficiencies including space inefficiency, high scrap and poor signal performance.
Optomec is a privately-held, rapidly growing supplier of Additive Manufacturing systems. Optomec’s patented Aerosol Jet Systems for printed electronics, and LENS and Huffman brand 3D Printers for metal component production and repair, are used by industry to reduce product cost and improve performance. Together, these unique printing solutions work with the broadest spectrum of functional materials, ranging from electronic inks to structural metals and even biological matter. Optomec has delivered more than 500 of its proprietary Additive Manufacturing systems to more than 200 marquee customers around the world, for production applications in the electronics, energy, life sciences and aerospace industries. The users include GE, Samsung, Raytheon, Siemens, Lockheed and LiteOn, as well as the US Air Force, US Navy, US Army and NASA
08.11.2021
"New machine function improves cycle time of Injection Moulding and protects the engine"
The new SmartTurn option for 2K injection molding
After six months of development, KraussMaffei has tested the SmartTurn optimization option not only in field tests at selected customers but also in-house on five different rotary platen and insert machines.
The new function SmartTurn from KraussMaffei not only optimizes the turning speed but above all adjusts acceleration and deceleration based on the motor's characteristic curve. This does not only improve cycle times, but also protects the engine. In general, the lighter the tool, the more interesting this feature becomes and the greater the potential it offers. One of the first customers to successfully test the new SmartTurn function in field tests is Nifco. For the specific application, more than one second of cycle time could be saved. You can download, interview of Andreas Handschke, Technology Manager and responsible for multi-component injection molding and foaming at KraussMaffei, explaining the functionality and advantages of the new function.
https://ahead.kraussmaffei.com/en/topics/partners-projects/d/new-machine-function-improves-cycle-time-and-protects-the-engine
New laser-cutting system for half-cut, shingled PV cells
German manufacturer 3-D Micromac said it has developed a new machine that can produce more than 6,000 wafers per hour. It is suitable for solar cells with temperature-sensitive coatings, or depositions such as heterojunction devices.
November 9, 2021
https://www.pv-magazine.com/2021/11/09/new-laser-cutting-system-for-half-cut-shingled-pv-cells/
PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT IN METAL-CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES - CONVENTIONAL & UNCONVENTIONAL
Dr Nageswara Rao Posinasetti, Professor, Department of Technology, University of Northern Iowa, USA
Eight Major Steps to Semiconductor Fabrication, Part 9: Packaging and Package Testing
on June 17, 2015
Robot Cell for Flexible Machine Tool Tending
LoadMate Plus aims to increase throughput in high-mix, low-volume machine shops, using automation to free operators for other tasks.
MAY 06, 2021
Modular system of workholding
ATLAS COPCO LAUNCHES FIRST FULLY INTEGRATED SMART TOOL RANGE
Published: 21/04/2021
Evolving its ‘Smart Connected Assembly’ philosophy to the next level, Atlas Copco Tools and Industrial Assembly Solutions has launched a brand-new tool range with in-built controllers.
reCool for ER
reCool lets you retrofit your existing static or driven tooling system to internal cooling at low-cost.
Suitable for both oil and emulsion.
Features of reCool rotary RCR for driven tools
reCool for ER System by REGO-FIX
Cost-friendly conversion of existing driven tooling systems to through coolant in only two minutes
For ER and ERM thread in driven tools and turning machines and for ER collets to DIN 6499 / ISO 15488
Speeds up to 12,000 rpm and 6,000 rpm with RCR / ER 40
Coolant pressures up to 150 bar with high-pressure hose, standard hose max. 100 bar
Low-maintenance coolant lubricated bearings
For coolant through tools (with sealing disks DS/ER) and for peripheral cooling (with coolant flush disks KS/ER)
For emulsion and oil coolants
Convert inner-threaded driven tools to outer-threaded, using the reCool adapter. Thus, successfully prepare different types of driven tooling for the use of reCool
Not for use with sealed collets DM
Only clamp the nominal collet diameter
Features of reCool static RCS for use with static holders
reCool static RCS for ER System by REGO-FIX
Cost-friendly conversion of existing static tooling systems to through coolant in only two minutes
For ER collets (DIN 6499 / ISO 15488) in stationary colletholders with external fine threads*
Coolant pressures of up to 150 bar**
RCS/ERMX for emulsion and oil coolants
Low-maintenance design
For coolant through tools (with sealing disks DS/ER) and for peripheral cooling (with coolant flush disks KS/ER)
* reCool static can also be used for internal threading with the corresponding adapter.
** With high-pressure hoses RHS-HP. 100 bar with standard hose.
https://in.rego-fix.com/en/solutions/recool-er
UPGRADE YOUR DRILLS TO SOLID CARBIDE.
Many benefits. Even Carbide tipped drills are available
Kennametal and Gurhing
Jul 24, 2020
Next-Generation Gundrilling Machines Emphasize Flexibility, Performance
UNISIG's new UNE machine-tool product line is engineered and designed to simplify gundrilling for shops with high-volume/low-mix or low-volume/high-mix manufacturing programs.
JUN 25, 2020
https://www.americanmachinist.com/machining-cutting/article/21135195/gundrilling-series-emphasize-flexibility-performance-unisig
Finishing the part after Machining by Manual Processes is a Cost-Cutting Opportunity
Jeff Elliott
JUN 24, 2020
Secondary finishing operations are conducted offline to remove excess material on semi-finished parts by hand using oscillating tools, grinders, files, abrasive hand pads, and wire brushes.
These secondary operations can be automated effectively using a variety of abrasive tools mounted in a toolholder and carousel without removing the part from the machine.
Wolfram Manufacturing produces a range of complex parts with through-holes. Removing burrs and sharp edges in cross-drilled holes and other difficult-to-access areas — such as undercuts, grooves, slots, or internal holes is essential as burrs can cause blockages or create turbulence in the flow of fluids, lubricants and gases through critical passages.
Wolfram has automated the cross-hole deburring process by incorporating Flex-Hone tools in a variety of sizes in its tool carousels. The Flex-Hone is , supplied by Los Angeles-based Brush Research Manufacturing (BRM).
https://www.americanmachinist.com/machining-cutting/article/21135131/finish-machining-and-cutting-costs-brush-research-mfg
Assembly Line Theory and Practice
Book, 2011
https://www.intechopen.com/books/assembly-line-theory-and-practice
Updated 2023 14 March
