Books - Grinding Process - Technology - Developments

1915


CHAPTER I GRINDING AND MANUFACTURING
CHAPTER II  THE ABRASIVES AND THE WHEEL
CHAPTER III THE WHEEL AND THE WORK
CHAPTER IV  THE WORK AND THE MACHINE
CHAPTER V  DETAILS OF PARTS
CHAPTER VI PLAIN GRINDERS AND EXTERNAL WORK
CHAPTER VII INTERNAL GRINDERS AND THEIR WORK
CHAPTER VIII  THE UNIVERSAL GRINDER AND ITS WORK
CHAPTER IX  SURFACE GRINDING
CHAPTER X SHARPENING CUTTERS AND TOOLS
CHAPTER XI FORM GRINDING AND CURVED SURFACES
CHAPTER XII POLISHING AND LAPPING
CHAPTER XIII MEASURING AND ITS BASIS

CHAPTER I GRINDING AND MANUFACTURING

Grinding, Polishing.and Lapping
Mechanically guided Grinding .
Modern manufacturing
Physical necessity for accuracy .
Allowances. Tolerances and Limits .

PAGE PAGE
1 Hole and Shaft basis for
2 Limits .... 6
3 The action of a Grinding Wheel . 12
4 Grade 14
Basis of the accuracy of Grinding 15

CHAPTER II  THE ABRASIVES AND THE WHEEL

Natural Abrasives .
Silicates and Grindstones
Emery and Corundum
Artificial Abrasives
Carborundum
Alundum
Grits .
Bonds and Grade
Vitrified.
Elastic .
Silicate .
17 Strength and Surface Speed
17 Strength and Bond
20 Wheel Speeds
21 Mounting Wheels
21 Balancing
22 Truing Wheels
24 Wheel Dressers
26 Diamonds
26 Setting Diamonds
27 Diamond Laps.

CHAPTER III THE WHEEL AND THE WORK
The material ground and various
Abrasives .... 42
Size of Grit and quality of Finish 43
Adherence of Grit to Work
Surface .... 44
Grade and its selection . . 45
Wheel Speeds ... 48
Work Speeds former and
current practice ... 49
Finishing Speeds ... 50
Theory of Disc Wheel Grinding . 52
Number of cutting points on
Wheel Surface . . 53
Chips in Grinding ... 55
Normal velocity of the material 57
How the Chip is formed . . 59
Contact in Grinding . . 61
Chips and the normal velocity
of the material ... 65
The controlling factor t* -t 67
d J_/
Maximum output vt . . 68
Magnitude of the quantities
involved .... 69
The forces at the Grinding Point 70
Temperature rise Fused Chips . 7 1
Grinding hardened Steel .
Effect of length of arc of contact
Area of contact proportional to power ....
Alteration of Work Speed to meet difficulties .
Work surface speed to depend on Work Diameter
Slender work and work of large diameter .... 76
Changing width of Wheel . .77
Changing Grade used . . 78
Effects of Wheel velocity and of traverse .... 79
Cup Wheel Grinding . . 81
Normal velocity and Feeds . 82


CHAPTER IV  THE WORK AND THE MACHINE

Development of Machine Grinding . . .84
Dry Grinding ... 84
Protection against Grit . * 5
Wet Grinding and solutions 85
Distortion in Dry Grinding . 87
Longitudinal expansion and Spring Tailstocks . 88
Temperature effects and change of Axis . . 88
Advantage of Dead Centres . 89
Effect of initial internal stresses . 90
Their distribution and magnitude ... 90
Case of bright drawn Steel 92
Remedy ... 93
Necessity for truth of Wheel and its preservation . . 94
Rate of traverse of Afain Slide .... 94
Double copying principle . 96
Pause or Tarry 96
Grinding up to a Shoulder. 97
Vibrations .... 98
Free vibrations . . 98
Damping . . . 102
Forced vibrations . . 103
Balancing .... 105
The Universal Grinder description . . . .110
Travelling Work or Trave


Development of Machine Grinding -Dry Grinding - - Protection against Grit - Wet Grinding and solutions


Distortion in Dry Grinding - Longitudinal expansion and Spring Tailstocks

Temperature effects and change of Axis  - Advantage of Dead Centres . 89
Effect of initial internal stresses - Their distribution and magnitude- Case of bright drawn Steel - Remedy

Necessity for truth of Wheel and its preservation  - Rate of traverse of Afain Slide - Double copying principle . - Pause or Tarry - Grinding up to a Shoulder.

Vibrations - Free vibrations - Damping - Forced vibrations
Balancing .... 105


The Universal Grinder description . . . .110
Travelling Work and  Travelling work

CHAPTER V  DETAILS OF PARTS

The Wheel Spindle and Bearings 123
Spindles for Cup Wheels and
End Thrust . . .128
Spindles for Internal Work
Ball Bearings . . .134
Wheel Collets; Cup Wheel Chucks 145
The Wheel Spindle Drive . . 148
Wheel Truing Arrangements . 150
Guards, Pumps, and Nozzles . 152
The reversing mechanism . 155
The Cross -feed mechanism . 162
Steadies . . . .172
Machine Bodies . 178


CHAPTER VI PLAIN GRINDERS AND EXTERNAL WORK

Development of the Plain Grinder . . . .
Table Sections and Water Guards ....
The Work Head and Centre Grinding Head . . .
Driving arrangements . .
Rapid speed-changing devices .... Dead Centre Gears . .
Machines with Work Drive self contained . .
Self-contained Machines .
The Work preparation ; Centre Holes . . . .
Work from the black .
Allowances in Turning .
Case-hardening ; Turning ;
Casing; Hardening .
The Work in the Machine .Centres .

Driving and Balance . 218

Mandrils ; Tubes ; Livecentre work . . . 220
Setting the Stops and details 221
Getting Work to taper or parallel . . .221
Wheels truing Wheels . 222
Work Speed and travel . 222
Correction of Wheel troubles 223
Formed work . . . 225
Auto-travel and adjustment of Cross-feed . . 225
Work defects . . .226
Work not round . . 226
Chatter and Steadies . 227
Slender Bars . . .229
Crank Shafts and corner radii . 231
Economy .... 235
Quantities and two handlings 235
Times estimating . . 236
Costs . . 237

p.180


Development of the Plain Grinder.

As the Universal Grinder was steadily developed, it gradually became evident that much of the unhardened steel work, previously completed in the lathe, could be profitably transferred to the grinding machine for the finishing process -that is, not only was the finish obtained of a higher quality, but that it often at the same time cost less. This opening up of the process of finishing by grinding as a manufacturing method naturally led to the construction of simpler but more powerful machines, for external work only, which machines hence acquired the name of Plain Grinders.

CHAPTER VII INTERNAL GRINDERS AND THEIR WORK

Economic production of accurate Work . . . 239
Internal Grinders and Cylinder Grinders . . . .239
Internal Grinders . . .241
Travelling Work Machines . 241
Travelling Wheel Machines 243
Dry or Wet Grinding . . 243
Cylinder Grinders . . . 245
The Wheel Head and Feed . . 245
Travelling Work and
travelling Wheel . . 252
Bases of the accuracy of the Machines . 255
Setting Work for Parallel Grinding . . . .257
Holding the Work . . . 258
Gears . . . .259
Width of Wheel . . .260
Work Speeds and regime 263
Times . . 268


CHAPTER VIII  THE UNIVERSAL GRINDER AND ITS WORK

Travelling Wheel Type . . 270
The Swivelling Cross Ways and Head . . . .275
Double Taper Work. . 275
Facing Shoulders
The Work Head and
Spindle
Flat work
live



CHAPTER IX  SURFACE GRINDING

Disc Wheel Machines Planer Type .... 285
Lathe Type . Work Speeds . ...
Cup Wheel Machines
Work sliding .
Work rotating
Magnetic Chucks .
Grinding Metal Slitting Saws
Disc Grinders.
With two Heads



CHAPTER X SHARPENING CUTTERS AND TOOLS

Types of Cutters .
Principles of Cutter sharpening 317
Clearance . . 319
Secondary clearance . 319
Parallel Cutters . . .320
Tooth Rests . . . .322
Setting for Clearance with Disc Wheels . . .324
In Universal Grinder . 325
In Cutter Grinders . . 331
Setting can be simplified . 333
Sharpening End Mills . 334
Limiting Diameter of Wheel . . .336
Setting for Clearance with Cup or Dish Wheels . . 338
Chart of Settings . .341
Setting can be simplified . 343
Gear and Formed Cutters ; Hobs 344
Universal Cutter Holders . 349
Twist Drill Grinders . . 350
Lathe Tool Grinders Mechanically guided . . . 353

CHAPTER XI FORM GRINDING AND CURVED SURFACES

Mechanically generated Cups and Cones .... 356
Form Grinding short parts . 853
Collars, Cups, and Cones . 359
Castellated Shafts . . 361
Gears and Worms . .361
Generated Gears . . . 364
Worms 368
Cams and Links . . . 372
Manufacturing Machines . . 376
Grinding Shafts, Rods, and Balls 380
Jigs, construction . . 383

CHAPTER XII POLISHING AND LAPPING

Polishing Lathes and Belt Machines .... 384
Lapping . 387
Grading fine Abrasives . 387
Charging Laps . . . 388
Lapping Machines for Flat Work . .389
Principles of Lapping , . . 389
Allowances for Lapping . . 390
Surfaces which can be Lapped . 391
Flat Work . . . .391
Cylindrical Work . . .394
Accuracy attainable . . 395

CHAPTER XIII MEASURING AND ITS BASIS

Ultimate Standards The Yard 398
Determination of the The Metre . . .398
Natural Standards . . 399
Temperature Effects . . 400
Subdivision of the Standard . 400
Line and End Measure . 400
Internal Cylindrical and Measuring Machines . .401
Determination of Contact . 402
Measurement . . 403
Standard Gauges . . .406
Micrometers . . . 407
Limit Gauges; External . 411
other . . . .412
Conclusion 416

1915

Grinding Machinery  by Guest

1985

Resin-bonded grinding wheel
Abstract
An improved resin bonded grinding wheel composition is shown making use of a kyanite or sillimanite or andalusite filler or mixtures thereof. More particularly the grinding wheel is a hot pressed phenol formaldehyde wheel having an alumina-zirconia abrasive with a kyanite additive therein. These wheels can be used for heavy duty metal grinding and have been determined to be especially useful for the snag grinding of titanium metal.
InventorRobert H. Licht, Robert L. Holden
Current Assignee Saint-Gobain Abrasives Inc
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0221497A2

1993

Chapter on Grinding in Koshal's Book
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kWXiBQAAQBAJ&pg=SA8-PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false

Manufacturing Engineer's Reference Book
D. KOSHAL
Elsevier, 1993 - 896 pages

Never before have the wide range of disciplines comprising manufacturing engineering been covered in such detail in one volume. Leading experts from all over the world have contributed sections. The coverage represents the most up to date survey of the broad interests of the manufacturing engineer. Extensive reference lists are provided, making this an indispensable work for every engineer in industry.


Never before have the wide range of disciplines comprising manufacturing engineering been covered in such detail in one volume. Leading experts from all over the world have contributed sections. Materials and processes are described, as well as management issues, ergonomics, maintenance and computers in industry. CAD (Computer Aided Design), CAE (Computer Aided Engineering), CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) and Quality are explored at length. The coverage represents the most up-to-date survey of the broad interests of the manufacturing engineer. Extensive reference lists are provided, making this an indispensable work for every engineer in industry.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kWXiBQAAQBAJ

2009

Grinding Technology: Theory and Application of Machining with Abrasives
Stephen Malkin, Changsheng Guo
Industrial Press Inc., 2008 - Technology & Engineering - 372 pages
Presenting a comprehensive and consistent treatment of grinding theory and its practical utilization, this new edition focuses on grinding as a machining process using bonded abrasive grinding wheels as the cutting medium. Logically organized, this self-contained resource starts with a description of abrasives and bonded abrasive cutting tools; then moves on to thermal analyses of the grinding process for conventional, creep feed, and superabrasive grinding; and ends with methods for enhancing and optimizing of grinding operations, simulation of grinding processes, and computer control of grinding machines. The perfect reference for practicing engineers involved in the grinding process, it will also be useful for researchers working in the field.

Features a unified and self-contained presentation about what is known about grinding processes and how this information can be practically applied.
Presents more detail on new grain materials, creep feed conventional abrasive wheels, superabrasive (diamond and CBN) materials and wheels, and metal bonded superabrasive electroplated wheels.

Includes a more comprehensive treatment of thermal aspects of grinding; as well as a new chapter on dealing with fluid flow in grinding--including flow through the grinding zone, fluid burnout, and cooling effects.
Contains an updated chapter relating to grinding machine control and optimization with a new example of model-based grinding optimization, and future prospects for integrating simulation into open architecture machine tools for optimal control.

https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Grinding_Technology.html?id=l3260ZF_PfQC

2012

9/14/2012
One Hundred Years of Grinding Advances
With one hundred years’ experience, Studer is one of the best known brands in precision cylindrical grinding.
In 1912, Fritz Studer established a small machine shop in Steffisburg, Switzerland. Because he had no grinding machine to produce precise parts, he promptly built his own. Thus Studer AG was born, a company still dedicated to supplying complex grinding solutions and processes.
https://www.mmsonline.com/articles/one-hundred-years-of-grinding-advances



Updated 22 March 2020, 5 March 2020
21 January 2020