New. Popular E-Book on IE,
Introduction to Modern Industrial Engineering. #FREE #Download.
In 0.1% on Academia.edu. 11,600+ Downloads so far. Many appreciated the book.
https://academia.edu/103626052/INTRODUCTION_TO_MODERN_INDUSTRIAL_ENGINEERING_Version_3_0
New. Popular E-Book on IE,
Introduction to Modern Industrial Engineering. #FREE #Download.
In 0.1% on Academia.edu. 11,600+ Downloads so far. Many appreciated the book.
https://academia.edu/103626052/INTRODUCTION_TO_MODERN_INDUSTRIAL_ENGINEERING_Version_3_0
Online Education/Training Session on "Effective Industrial Engineering and Productivity Management."
I developed an online education/training session on "Effective Industrial Engineering and Productivity Management." I can present the session in one hour, one and half hour or two-hour long sessions. The sessions will be valuable when company industrial engineers and other engineers and managers attend as a group. Industrial engineers require active cooperation and participation of other engineers and managers in their studies and projects. Hence a common presentation and discussion on effectiveness will be very useful.
Supporting Information.
Effective Industrial Engineering - Some Thoughts by Narayana Rao K.V.S.S.
Effective industrial engineering has to satisfy management about the contribution it made to the organization year after year.
The prime contribution of IE has to be cost reduction through productivity improvement.
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2025/07/effective-industrial-engineering-some.html
Principles of motion economy for human effort industrial engineering.Principles of machine economy for machine effort industrial engineering.
Online Free Access Handbook of Industrial Engineering includes all modules of IE Online Course Notes.
Principles of Motion Economy are part of Principles of Industrial Engineering.Use Principles of Industrial Engineering to DO Productivity Engineering & Management.IISE Conference Presentation Video - 9835+ views.
I developed an online education/training session on "Effective Industrial Engineering and Productivity Management." I can present the session in one hour, one and half hour or two-hour long sessions. The sessions will be valuable when company industrial engineers and other engineers and managers attend as a group. Industrial engineers require active cooperation and participation of other engineers and managers in their studies and projects. Hence a common presentation and discussion on effectiveness will be very useful.
Supporting Information.
Effective Industrial Engineering - Some Thoughts by Narayana Rao K.V.S.S.
Effective industrial engineering has to satisfy management about the contribution it made to the organization year after year.
The prime contribution of IE has to be cost reduction through productivity improvement.
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2025/07/effective-industrial-engineering-some.html
Principles of Motion Economy
Functions and Focus Areas of Industrial Engineering
______________________________________________________________
Use of the Human Body
1. The two hands should begin as well as complete their motions at the same time.
2. The two hands should not be idle at the same time except during rest periods.
3. Motions of the arms should be made in opposite and symmetrical directions and should be made simultaneously.
4. Hand and body motions should be confined to the lowest classification with which it is possible to perform the work satisfactorily.
5. Momentum should be employed to assist the worker wherever possible, and it should be reduced to a minimum if it must be overcome by muscular effort.
6. Smooth continuous motion of the hands are preferable to straight line motions involving sudden and sharp changes in direction.
7. Ballistic movements are faster, easier and more accurate than restricted (fixation) or controlled movements.
8. Work should be arranged to permit an easy and natural rhythm wherever possible.
See Work Station Design - Introduction
9. Eye fixations should be as few and as close together as possible.
Arrangement of the workplace
10. There should be a definite and fixed place for all tools and materials. (5S)
11. Tools, materials and controls should be located close to the point of use.
12. Gravity feed bins and containers should be used to deliver material close to the point of use.
13. Drop deliveries should be used wherever possible.
14. Materials and tools should be located to permit the best sequence of motions.
15. Provisions should be made for adequate conditions for seeing. Good illumination is the first requirement for satisfactory visual perception.
16. The height of the work place and the chair should preferably arranged so that alternate sitting and standing at work are easily possible.
17. A chair of the type and height to permit good posture should be provided for every worker.
Design of tools and equipment
18. The hands should be relieved of all work that can be done more advantageously by a jig, a fixture, or a foot-operated device.
Jig and Fixture Design
19. Two or more tools should be combined wherever possible.
Combination Tools
20. Tools and materials should be prepositioned whenever possible.
21. Where each finger performs some specific movement, such as in typewriting, the load should be distributed in accordance with the inherent capacities of the fingers.
22. Levers, hand wheels and other controls should be located in such positions that the operator can manipulate them with the least change in body position and with the greatest speed and ease.
References
Ralph M. Barnes, Motion and Time Study Measurement of Work, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980
Principles of Motion Economy - Details
Use of the Human Body
2. The two hands should not be idle at the same time except during rest periods.
3. Motions of the arms should be made in opposite and symmetrical directions and should be made simultaneously.
Voluntary movements of the members of the human body may be divided into two general classes or groups: fixation movements and ballistic movements.
In the fixation or controlled movements, opposing groups of muscles are contracted, one group against the other. .
The ballistic movement is a fast, easy motion caused by a single contraction of a positive muscle group with no antagonistic muscle group contracting to oppose it.
The ballistic movement is initiated by an impulse given through the contraction of a muscle, once underway the muscles are relaxed and the course of the movement can not be changed.
The skilled carpenter swinging a hammer in driving a nail illustrates a ballistic movement.
It is not difficult to develop the free, loose, easy movements of the wrist and forearm.
Principles Related to the Work Place
Each hand has its normal working area in the vertical plane as well.
Interesting example: A radio assembly consists of 260 separate parts/subassemblies. Moving the parts closer by 6 inches saved 34,000 hours per year. which means saving of 17 mandays.
Corollary: The machines, process apparatus, and equipment should be arranged so as to require the least movement on the part of the operator.
See Work Station Design - Introduction
When the motion transport loaded is followed by a position motion, it is slowed by the mental preparation for the position.
Adequate illumination means:
(1) light of sufficient intensity for the particular task,
(2) light of the proper color and without glare, and
(3) light coming from the right direction.
The visibility of an object is determined by the following variables.
# Brightness of the object
# Its contrast with its background
# The size of the object
# The time available for seeing
# The distance of the object from the eye and
# Other factors such as distractions, fatigue, reaction time, and glare.
All of these factors must be above a limiting value and then a deficiency in one may be compensated by an augmentation of one or more of the others.
Principles of Motion Economy As Related to the Design of Tools and Equipment
18. The hands should be relieved of all work that can be done more advantageously by a jig, a fixture, or a foot-operated device.
Procter and Gamble designed and built foot control units which rotate the pipe or tube when welder is cutting and welding pipes.
Learn more:
Jigs and Fixtures - Principles, Books, Manuals
Foot Operated Machines - Jigs - Fixtures
19. Two or more tools should be combined wherever possible.
At a mid-western electric company two combination tools were developed. One the screw driver and tweezers. The other is a wrench and screw driver.
The multiple-spindle air-operator nut runner for automobile wheels is another good example of combination tool.
20. Tools and materials should be pre-positioned whenever possible.
Pre-positioning refers to placing an object in a predetermined place in such a way that when next needed it may be grasped in the position in which it will be used.
It is important to state again that, the holder of the tool should be designed in such a way that, the tool can be grasped in the same manner in which will be held while being used.
21. Where each finger performs some specific movement, such as in typewriting, the load should be distributed in accordance with the inherent capacities of the fingers.
Unless a machine is fully automatic, the amount of work that it will produce depends to some extent upon the performance of the operator. The time taken by the operator to handle levers, hand wheels and other controls has an impact on production quantity.
The operator should not be required to leave his normal working position to operate his machine. The controls of machines should be placed in such a way that he need not bend over or twist his body in an uncomfortable manner when manipulating them.
Exhaustive studies were done to indicate good location for levers and hand wheels.
All these motion economy principles are included in the book Toyota Kaizen Methods: Six Steps to Improvement By Isao Kato, Art Smalley in page numbers 93 - 94
http://books.google.co.in/books?id=RS4nsJGsgmEC
Remarks on Textbooks
___________________________________________________________________________
Principles of Motion Economy - Videos
More Detailed Coverage of Variable of Motion Study
A I I E Transactions
Volume 1, Issue 4, 1969
Stephan A. Konza, Carl E. Jeansb & Ranveer S. Rathorec
Motion Reductions in a Paper Mill
Workstation Improvements in a paper mill
* A machine feeder reduced arm motions from 5000 per day to zero, and output increased from 5000 pieces per day to about 15,000 (300% increase).
* Improvements in a paper counting task reduced finger motions from 45,000 per day to near zero, and productivity doubled.
* A unique device to tie ribbons eliminated much fastidious hand motions and sustained pinch grips, plus increased output over 30%.
* Unconventional tables for a precise, hand-intensive task enabled employees to alternate between sitting and standing, plus eliminated reaches and motions. Modifications in hand tools reduced grasping force.
* Mechanical changes and automation in a packing operation reduced hand motions from approximately 32,000 per day to 3200.
http://www.danmacleod.com/Articles/Cost_Benefits_Paper_Manufacturing.htm
________________________________________________________________________
Additional Sources
Classification of human motions by Gavriel Salvendy, 2004 published paper. but was made 35 years back.
http://ww2.justanswer.com/uploads/2Raven/2008-08-30_134953_Gilbreth.pdf
Interesting abstract
Contrasting approaches to the analysis of skilled movements.
Hartson, L. D.
Journal of General Psychology, 20, 1939, 263-293.
It is a literature review. In the paper there is a section entitled "Principles of motion economy in the light of movement analysis." Here postural factors, the speed and precision of ballistic movements, the use of gravity and momentum, the advantages of cursive over angular movements and of rhythmical over arhythmical forms, and the importance of emphasizing form in training are discussed. A bibliography of 118 titles is included in the paper.
http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1939-05117-001
See the discussion regarding motion economy in http://books.google.co.in/books?id=MtOsqZg3p34C (Cabinet making: Start to Finish)
____________________________________________________________________________
Software for Motion Economy
Generating Economic Motion Plans for Manual Operations - Masters Thesis (Computer Engineering)
http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606524/index.pdf
Updated 5.11.2024, 24.5.2022, 31 Oct 2021, 2 September 2020, 20 August 2020, 12 June 2016, 26 Nov 2013
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