SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT: A History and Criticism
HORACE BOOKWALTER DRURY, Ph.D.
Lecturer in Industrial Organization
University of California
SECOND EDITION. REVISED
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., AGENTS
London : P. S. King & Son, Ltd.
1918
Copyright, 1915, BY HORACE BOOKWALTER DRURY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I
A History of Scientific Management
CHAPTER I
PAGE
The Meaning of Scientific Management . 15
1. The Origin of the Term 15
2. The Movement Briefly Described 23
3. The Boundaries of Scientific Management 2S
CHAPTER II
Early Attempts AT A Solution OF THE Wages Problem 31
1. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers 32
2. The Wages Problem 33
3. Profit Sharing 3
4. Plenry R. Towne's Gain-Sharing 39
5. Frederick A. Halsey's " Premium Plan " 43
6. The » Rowan Plan " 5 ^
CHAPTER III
The Genesis of the Principles of Scientific Management .... 54
1. The First Scientific Management 55
a. Elementary Time Study 57
b. The DifFerential Rate . . . 6l
c. Conclusions 64
2. The Scope of Scientific Management Enlarged 67
a. The First Phase of the Larger Scientific Management : Securing the
Initiative of the Workmen 68
b. The Second Phase of the Larger Scientific Management : Improving
Methods of Work 70
(1) Standardization of Tools and Equipment 71
(2) Routing and Scheduling 74
(3) Instruction Cards 75
(4) Motion Study 79
(5) Selection of Workmen 81
(6) Supplies 82
(7) Symbols 83
(8) Conclusions 85
c. The Third Phase of the Larger Scientific Management: Organization 87
3. Scientific Management in Adjustment 91
CHAPTER IV
Lives of the Leaders — Including certain Contributions to the Enrichment of Scientific Management 93
1. Frederick Winslow Taylor 98
2. Henry L. Gantt I02
3. Carl G. Barth 106
4. Horace K. Hathaway 109
5. Morris L. Cooke
6. Sanford E. Thompson 116
7. Frank B. Giibreth 118
8. Harrington Emerson 124
9. The Scientific Management Men as a Body 129
10. The Organization of the Scientific Management Movement 131
CHAPTER V
A Survey of the Trades and Plants in Which Scientific Management has been Introduced 134
1. The Present Status of the Historic Illustrations of Scientific Management 134
a. The Midvale Steel Company 134
b. The Bethlehem Steel Company 134
c. Bicycle Ball Bearing Inspection 138
d. Bricklaying 139
e. The Santa Fe 140
f. Conclusions as to the Fast of Scientific Management 143
2. A Study of Several Installations of Contemporary Importance 144
a. The Tabor Manufacturing Company 144
b. The Link-Belt Company 148
c. The Watertown Arsenal 152
d. The Cotton Industry 157
e. The II. H. Franklin Manufacturing Company 159
f. The Clothcraft Shops 160
3. Extent of the Introduction of Scientific Management 162
a. Scientific Management in America 162
b. Scientific Management Abroad 165
TABLE OF CONTENTS II
PART II
A Critical Review Of Important Aspects of Scientific Management
PACK
CHAPTER VI
The Productivity of Scientific Management I75
1. The Value of the Initiative of Workmen 175
2. The Extent to which Planning may be Profitably Carried 179
3. The Place of Organization in Scientihc Management 183
4. How much can Scientific Management Increase the National Income ? . 1S5
CHAPTER VII
Scientific Management as a Solution of the Labor Problem ... 190
1. The Views of the Organization Experts with Respect to Trade Unions . 191
2. A Sketch of the Relations between Scientific Management and Organized Labor
3. Is Scientific Management a Satisiactory Substitute for the Collective Bargain ?
a. Scientific Management Removes from Labor Some Incentives towards Organization 200
b. Scientific Management, however, does not Adequately Perform the
Functions of the Collective Bargain 203
4. The Possibility of Coordinating Trade Unionism and Scientific Management 211
CHAPTER VIII
The Human Side
1. The Charge that Employees are Overworked . 212
2. The Charge that Men are made Automatons 219
3. Promotion— Skill— Wages 224
4. The Humanizing of Management 228
CHAPTER IX
Other Criticisms and Conclusions 231
1. Scientific Management but One Factor in Social Life 231
2. The Larger Significance of Scientific Management 233
3. Tiie Originality of Scientific Management 236
4. The Future
Index 245
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