Job Analysis in Time Study - Lowry, Maynard and Stegemerten

Change my Mind  - Read this Chapter by Job Analysis in Time Study - Lowry, Maynard and Stegemerten

An imaginary engineer can't do this analysis and give right recommendations.

Chapter from  Time and motion study and formulas for wage incentives,

by Stewart M. Lowry ... Harold B. Maynard ... and G. J. Stegemerten ...
Stegemerten, G. J. 1892-1987., Maynard, Harold B. 1902-1975.
Language(s): English
Published: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc., 1927.
Edition: 1st ed.
https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006566035

Important Points - To be extended with more points

Job Analysis

It means, in a broad sense, analyzing the job and everything required for the performance of the job, such as materials, tools, method of procedure, and working conditions. It means segregating the job into its component parts, comparing methods and similar work, and determining the reason for and the importance of each operation. 

It is a good policy never to be suspicious nor to question the honesty of an operator.

The necessity for a practical knowledge of proper tools for performing a given operation, of the correct handling and use of these tools, and of proper working conditions can hardly be exaggerated. Without this knowledge, the time-study man cannot be expected to analyze any job with a view to determining and establishing the most efficient and systematic method of performance. 

The success of a time-study man will depend largely on his analytical ability and the amount of this practical knowledge which he possesses. 

Machine, Cutting, and Hand Tools.

Cutting tools used on machines should be properly ground and should have the correct clearances and shapes. 

Machine tools and all driving equipment and belts should be in good repair. 

The time-study man should determine whether or not the work is being done on the machine best suited to the job being studied. No job should be done on a No. 1 milling machine that could be done better and faster on a No. 4 milling machine, nor should a job be finished on a milling machine, lathe, or boring mill that could be worked to an advantage on a grinder, or vice versa. 

An engine-lathe job should not be done on a turret lathe, nor a turret-lathe job on an engine lathe. In analyzing the tools used on a job, the time-study man may find that the operation could be segregated to advantage, i.e., part of it could be done on one machine and part on another with a resultant saving in time. 

For example, in the machining of cast-iron bushings, the elements of the inside and the outside surfaces must be parallel. It is very hard to get this condition on a turret lathe. Nearly true surfaces may be gotten if the set-up is carefully made by an expert, but even then there will be some variation between the individual pieces, and the results are neither dependable nor satisfactory. For these reasons, it was formerly held that the job could be done only on an engine lathe. A time-study man, in analyzing this job preparatory to making a time study, believed that the rough and finish boring and the rough turning could be done on a turret lathe. Then, by mounting the bushing on a mandrel, the finish turn could be made accurately on an engine lathe. This was tried successfully, and a 45 per cent reduction in machining time resulted. 

An operation done on a bench by hand can sometimes be partly done on a machine to advantage. Riveting is sometimes done on a bench when a saving in time and an improvement in appearance might be effected by upsetting the rivets with a hammer just enough to hold them in place and then by finishing the job on a rivet spinner. 

Jigs and Fixtures.-Wherever the quantity warrants, special jigs and fixtures should be used, as they effect a great saving in time and assure more accurate and uniform work. Multiple jigs and fixtures, i.e., those made to hold several pieces, should be applied whenever it would be an advantage to do so. Indexing and rotary fixtures should be used in machining operations wherever possible, as they very often make it possible to reduce the time for performing an operation to the time required to remove and place the part to be machined. Self-centering devices on lathe operations should be used where practicable. Often it will be found to an advantage to secure two fixtures where it is necessary to remove the fixture to reload it. The operator can then load one while the cut is being made on the other. The time-study man should continually try to effect savings by the elimination of elements of the operation through the application of specially designed fixtures. 

To give an example of what can be accomplished by the application of special fixtures, a job that was formerly ground on a plane surface grinder was held in a vise during the operation. It was suggested that a multiple fixture be made so that the job could be done on a Blanchard grinder. Accordingly, a fixture to hold 20 pieces was designed and made. The work was transferred to the Blanchard grinder and a saving of 80 per cent in time was made. 

There should be discipline with a feeling of freedom and cooperation between the supervisors and the workmen, and a mutual respect and interest for one another's duties, problems, and responsibilities.

18th October - Birthday of H.B. Maynard - A famous second generation industrial engineer.

Major Contributions  -  Time Study (1927) - Operation Analysis   - MTM - Handbook of Industrial Engineering (1956) - Most.

Celebrate the birthday, 

October 2025 Issue of Modern Industrial Engineering LinkedIn Newsletter focuses on Barnes - Maynard  - Human Effort - Machine Effort Industrial Engineering.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/modern-industrial-engineering-october-2025-barnes-maynard-kvss-8vbjc

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