Thursday, October 16, 2025

Supply Chain Industrial Engineering - Concept and Bibliography

 

Introduction to Modern Industrial Engineering.  

by Prof. Narayana Rao K.V.S.S.

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https://academia.edu/103626052/INTRODUCTION_TO_MODERN_INDUSTRIAL_ENGINEERING_Version_3_0 




Every engineering area has associated industrial engineering.
Every Engineering Topic has Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects.
Engineering Topics and Industrial Engineering and Productivity Aspects.


What is Industrial and Systems Engineering?

IISE Definition of Industrial Engineering

Industrial and systems engineering (ISE) is concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment and energy. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical, and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design, to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems.

https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2022/03/industrial-engineering-iise-definition.html

Note: 

Industrial and systems engineering (ISE) is concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated systems ...   to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems.

It is result orientation. Primarily productivity orientation.

Simple Explanation by Narayana Rao K.V.S.S.

Industrial engineering is system efficiency engineering. Its main components are productivity science, productivity engineering and productivity management.

Supply chain is a system. There is supply chain IE.


Similarly every management area has associated industrial engineering.
Supply chain management area has supply chain industrial engineering function to be fulfilled by supply chain managers in association with industrial engineers.


Supply Chain Industrial Engineering - Concept

SCM


Supply chain (SC) extends from suppliers to the ultimate customer. Supply chain fulfills the order given by the customer. So we can visualize marketing activity and sales activity that gets the customer order. Once the order is received by the organization, supply chain management (SCM) activity takes over and fulfills the order, that is delivers the product or the service and collects the payment. If a return is there, SCM has to take care of that also. 

In practice, the supply chain, that is focus of a company starts from the level of suppliers the company would like to include. Some company may include tier 2 suppliers, suppliers supplying to immediate suppliers or tier 1 suppliers. The ultimate customer who buys for personal use is included in the supply chain by definition.

What are the tasks of supply chain management. Production, inspection, transport, storage, after sales service, maintenance of equipment and facilities, production planning and control, production design, process design etc. fall under supply chain management. In a way, supply chain management is extension of works management, the earlier concept that used to include supply side management also. 


SCIE


Industrial engineering is an engineering based discipline to take care of efficiency of systems. When efficiency increases, increased production of specified effectiveness or quality or customer satisfaction takes place. Hence when system efficiency increases, total effectiveness of the system goes up. Supply chain management offers scope to industrial engineers to go to supplier plants and offer IE expertise and support in the supplier development task. The two important performance dimensions of supply chain are responsiveness and efficiency. Industrial engineers focus on efficiency. As supply chain designers change engineering configurations to increase responsiveness, industrial engineers follow them to incrementally modify the configuration to increase efficiency while maintaining responsiveness for each unit supplied.

The follow three activities are relevant to include in this context.

Product Design, Process Design & Reengineering

Process design is the original design. Supply chain has original design to provide required responsiveness and attainable efficiency. Reengineering is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of processes to improve performance dramatically in terms of cost, quality, service, and speed based on developments in science, technology or process management. Process reengineering is about engineering redesign and is done undertaken as a major project. It would normally involve substantial capital investment as number of new facilities including machines and equipment are acquired. It is normally undertaken by the facilities engineering and process engineering (process planning) department.

Product designs are also modified by industrial engineers to reduce cost and increase productivity.

Process Analysis
Process analysis leads to process improvement. To analyze the process, documentation of the process needs to be done of the working of the existing process as taking place in the shop now. This activity of recording and analyzing existing processes is the main task undertaken by industrial engineers. It is incremental improvement of the process at planned periods to capture new developments in engineering and creative ideas to apply the existing knowledge to processes inside the company. In this exercise effort is made to involve many in the company by circulating existing process charts.  Examining  the strategic issues also can help identify opportunities for improvement apart from operational issues. A gap analysis can be done between a process’s competitive priorities and its current competitive capability requirements.

In engineering and manufacturing process, industrial engineers carry out process improvement to improve productivity. Process improvement is based on the systematic study of the activities and flows of each process to improve it. Productivity science, engineering and management activities are involved in process productivity improvement. Supply chain industrial engineering is process study and analysis in the area of supply chain management.

Process Improvement Based on Operator/Supervisor/Engineer Suggestions and Shop-floor Based Improvements

Process improvement is based on the   understanding of  the process, and digging out the details. Hence frontline operators have significant ideas to contribute to process improvement. Through seeking their suggestions, process improvement is made a continuous process and incremental improvements at small and micro level keep taking place. In Toyota Motors, Ohno gave responsibility to shop floor personnel also for process improvement apart from process planning and industrial engineering.
https://nraomtr.blogspot.com/2019/08/process-strategy-and-analysis-important.html



Supply chain industrial engineering can be done by industrial engineers from IE department or by being posted in supply chain departments. Supply chain industrial engineering can be part of supplier development activity.


Productivity and Efficiency Improvement in Supply Chain Partner activities is practiced by Toyota Motors.


Toyota Style Industrial Engineering - Waste Elimination - Ohno

"We have eliminated waste by examining available resources, rearranging machines, improving machining processes, installing autonomous systems, improving tools, analyzing transportation methods and optimizing the materials at hand for manufacturing. High production efficiency has also been maintained by preventing the recurrence of defective products, operational mistakes, and accidents, and by incorporating workers' ideas." Taiichi Ohno (P. 21)

Japanese businesses carefully studied industrial engineering (IE), a company-wide manufacturing technology directly tied to management that was developed and applied in the United States.
(Note the point - Industrial engineering (IE) is , a company-wide manufacturing technology directly tied to management (scientific management) that was developed and applied in the United States.)

https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2013/11/taiichi-ohno-on-industrial-engineering.html

For detailed treatment of process industrial engineering applicable to internal manufacturing facilities and supply chain partners' manufacturing facilities go through lessons of:

Process Industrial Engineering FREE ONLINE Course. 

https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2020/06/process-industrial-engineering-free.html

Implement Toyota Style Industrial Engineering in Supply Chain


2021

Supply Chain Costing and Performance Management

Gary Cokins, Terry Pohlen, Tom Klammer
John Wiley & Sons, 22-Jun-2021 - Business & Economics - 272 pages

A “how-to” guide for supply chain professionals who need accurate cost information for end-to-end processes

With the increasing pace of globalization, supply chain professionals find that they have less and less margin for error in their decisions making. Competition is getting more intense, and, unfortunately, CFOs and accountants do not currently provide supply chain managers with the information required to make better decisions. Supply Chain Costing and Performance Management, 2nd Edition, will show you (and the executives you report to) how to understand and apply various enterprise and corporate performance management (EPM/CPM) methods related to costs and profit margins and performance measurements.

This book is a “how-to” guide to assist supply chain managers and employee teams to obtain interenterprise cost information on supply chain processes. It provides techniques for obtaining accurate cost and performance information on the activities performed within your firm and on activities performed by trading partners. The techniques and approaches in this book were developed from supply chain costing practices implemented by leading-edge firms. You will learn how you can gain access to reasonably accurate costs and profit margins involved with suppliers, products, stock keeping units (SKUs), service-lines, channels, and customers. In addition, you will gain insight into the activity costs in end-to-end business processes, including the “drivers” for each type of cost.

Learn how to access accurate cost and pricing information related to both your company and your trading partners.

Overcome siloed information by creating your own costing practices using proven methods drawn from leading firms.

Understand what drives activity costs for each step in end-to-end business processes

Assess the performance of your costing activities with step-by-step measurement guidelines

Make better decisions and improve performance and profitability with clearer, more transparent cost and price data

The information in this book will empower supply chain managers with the ability to make better decisions and improve their organizations’ performance and profitability.

2020


Chapter 9. Supplier Management and Development: Creating a World-Class Supply Base

in Purchasing & Supply Chain Management, 7th Edition
Robert M. Monczka, Robert B. Handfield, Larry C. Giunipero, James L. Patterson
Cengage Learning, 2020

2nd Edition Link

8 November 2020



SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT–BENEFITS, PROCESS, & BEST PRACTICES
By Jijnyasa Patowarya In Supplier Management Dec 13th, 2018



Research Article | Open Access
Volume 2016 |Article ID 8641702 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8641702
Strategy for Improving Efficiency of Supply Chain Quality Management in Buyer-Supplier Dyads: The Suppliers’ Perspective
Hyun Jung Kim,1 Jiyoon Son,2 and Soo Wook Kim2
Mathematical Problems in Engineering / 2016

Supplier quality improvement: The value of information under uncertainty
John Quigley Lesley Walls Güven Demirel Bart L.MacCarthy Mahdi Parsa
European Journal of Operational Research
Volume 264, Issue 3, 1 February 2018, Pages 932-947

3 Supplier Management Strategies That Drive Results

Research and Practical Issues of Enterprise Information Systems II pp 717-726| 
A Model of Lean Supplier Management Based on the Lean Production

Improve Vendor Quality Control
By F. Curtis Barry & Company

Managing Supplier Involvement in Process Improvement in Manufacturing
Michael A. McGinnis  Rafeekh Mele Vallopra
Journal of Supply Chain Management, Volume 37, Issue 2, June 2001, Pages 48-53
First published: 05 April 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493X.2001.tb00105.x

Open access peer-reviewed chapter
Supply Chain Quality Management
By Lynn A. Fish
Published: August 1st 2011
DOI: 10.5772/19973

Vendor and Clients: Integrating Process Improvement Efforts across Both Sides of a Strategic Partner Relationship (Part 1)
James Thompson
10/27/2009

Supplier Development - A Strategy for Improvement
Purchasing and Supply Chain Management
2015
By Robert M. Monczka, Robert B. Handfield, Larry C. Giunipero, James L. Patterson

Supplier quality development: A review of literature and industry practices
Khosrow Noshad & Anjali Awasthi
International Journal of Production Research 
Volume 53, 2015 - Issue 2
Pages 466-487



5 September 2020






2019

What makes a Supply Chain leader?

These organizations prioritize their value chains, ensuring that the supply chain and its related functions are fully integrated with organizational strategy.

A focus on the customer

Visibility through networks of suppliers and partners

Effectiveness and Efficiency (Sustainable) practices in design, manufacturing and delivery.
https://www.sap.com/cmp/dg/supply-chain-leaders/index.html

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 13 June 2019
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SAP Design Module
______________



SAP Design Module Playlist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0MnfCMkbQ&list=PL00ZizFAuhWshhrvZfOdlnPe0H_BMXieB
______________

Proposal for Supply Chain Industrial Engineering


Presentation made in a seminar "Recent Trends in Industrial Engineering" organized by  National Institute of Technology, Surat and IIIE Chapter Surat on 6 April 2013.


Part 2
Supply Chain Industrial Engineering
7 Apr 2013
_______________

________________


Part 1
Supply Chain - Industrial Engineering Tools and Techniques
7 Apr 2013
_______________

_______________


_______________

Toyota Supply Chain Management
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRb4yOKrzs0
_______________


Supply Chain Engineering - What is it?
https://thesupplychainengineer.com/supply-chain-engineering-2/

How to Apply IE Techniques in SCM to Reduce Cost and Cut Wastage
Vincent Cheung, M.Phil (IE) BPS Global, 2009 Presentation
http://www.bps-group.net/download/CILT_Seminar_in_Singapore_4_Nov_09.pdf

Supply Chain  - Open Access Book Edited by Vedran Kordic
D. Giglio and R. Minciardi, “Modelling and Optimization of Multi-Site Production Systems in Supply Chain Networks,” Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference

Y. S. Li, F. F. Ye, Z. M. Fang, and J. G. Yang, “Flexible Supply Chain Optimization and Its SRT Analysis,” Industrial Engineering and Management, vol. 10, no. 1, February 2005, Springer-Verlag, China, pp. 89-93.
Steve Hopper, Supply Chain Industrial Engineer
http://www.linkedin.com/in/SteveHopper


Measurement of Supply Chain Performance

Measuring Supply Chain Performance
Benita M. Beamon
1999 paper
ftp://ftpserv.uncc.edu/coba/mbad/cooper/mbad6208_Spring10/class13(current)/ReadingsReDesign/SCPerformance(Beamon).pdf
( Cost is given as one dimension and responsiveness is given as the other dimension. )

Performance Assessment of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Scorecard Approach
Computers and Industrial Engineering 2007 - Paper
http://kertogral.etu.edu.tr/SCM_performance_measurement_balanced_score_card_2007_CAIE.pdf
( In internal perspective to promote efficiency and effectiveness in our business processes is given as the mission )


Planing Supply Chain - System Design and Operations Planning
Measurements Provided by Industrial Engineering Discipline/Departments


Controlling Supply Chain
Measurements Provided by IED and Actions Initiated by IED




Scott Stephens, Craig Gustin, and Jim Ayers, "Reengineering the Supply Chain
- The Next Hurdle,"  Information Strategy: The Executive's Journal, Fall 1997, pp. 13-18

The authors said improvements have to be extended to the supply partners. It is not any more sufficient to improve internal operations of a company.

Supply Chain Efficiency - Supply Chain Waste Elimination -





Supply Chain Efficiency - Concept and Measures


Exploring Efficiency and Effectiveness in the Supply Chain - Conceptual Analysis
http://impgroup.org/uploads/papers/4670.pdf

Measurement of Efficiency in a Supply Chain'
Doctoral Thesis
http://pure.ltu.se/portal/files/2331159/LTU-LIC-0851-SE.pdf


Supply Chain Responsiveness and Efficiency – Complementing or Contradicting Each Other?
http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2006/proceed/papers/MINNI308.pdf

Measuring Supply Chain Efficiency - DEA Approach
Indian Pharma Industry - 2012 paper
http://www.joscm.com.br/download/JOSCM_VOL5_NUMBER1_4.pdf



Ilsuk Kim, Hokey Min, (2011) "Measuring supply chain efficiency from a green perspective", Management Research Review, Vol. 34 Iss: 11, pp.1169 - 1189
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1959373

Measuring Supply Chain Efficiency and Congestion - DEA approach - Shipping
2003
http://www.engineeringletters.com/issues_v18/issue_4/EL_18_4_08.pdf

How SCOR Model Enhances Global Supply Chain Efficiency and Effectiveness
http://ihome.ust.hk/~al_mtm/files/How_SCOR_Model_Enhance_Global_Supply_Chain_Efficiency_Effectiveness.pdf

An Approach towards Overall Supply Chain Efficiency - MS Thesis 2002
https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/2360/1/gbs_thesis_2002_29.pdf

Lean Supply Chain

Lean supply chain. The aim is to reduce the total cost of the supply chain-removing waste and creating the most value for the customer.


Improving Supply Chain Efficiency


Combining Lean and Agile Supply Chain - 2011 Paper
http://www.academicjournals.org/ajbm/PDF/pdf2011/4Sept/Banihashemi.pdf

Supply Chain Cost Reduction - Book by Amacom
http://nraomtr.blogspot.in/2011/11/supply-chain-cost-reduction.html

Lean Supply Chain - Concept, Development and Design


Lean Thinking for the Supply Chain
Tompkins
http://www.tompkinsinc.com/article/2004/lean-thinking-supply-chain/

Seven Steps to Building a Lean Supply Chain
Mandyam M. Srinivasan
Mandyam M. Srinivasan is The Ball Corporation Distinguished Professor of Business at the University of Tennessee. He is the author of the book, Streamlined: 14 Principles for Building and Managing the Lean Supply Chain.
http://www.industryweek.com/planning-amp-forecasting/goal-lean-supply-chain


From Lean Manufacturing to Lean Supply Chain: A Foundation for Change
2004 Paper by Lawson, USA
http://swe.lawson.com/www/resource.nsf/pub/Lawson_Whitepaper_2_A4_LowRes.pdf/$FILE/Lawson_Whitepaper_2_A4_LowRes.pdf

Understanding the Lean Supply Chain - Beginning the Journey
2005 Report on Lean Practices in  Supply Chain
APICS - ORACLE - Georgia Southern University
http://coba.georgiasouthern.edu/centers/lit/oracle_WP_supply_chain_r6.pdf


Lean practices in the supply Chain - 2008 Survey
Jones Long LaSalle Report - with participation of APICS, Georgia Tech, and Supply Chain Visions
http://www.joneslanglasalle.com/Documents/JLL-LeanPracticesInSupplyChain.pdf


Lean in Supply Chain Planning  - 2011 Report
Cap Gemini
http://www.capgemini.com/m/en/tl/Lean_in_Supply_Chain_Planning.pdf


Lean Supply Chain Road Map - Book Chapter - McGraw-Hill - 2011
http://www.mhprofessional.com/downloads/products/0071771212/0071771212_ch01.pdf

http://logistics.about.com/od/supplychainintroduction/a/Lean_SCM.htm


Webinars by Georgia Tech
Becoming a Lean Supply Chain Professional - Episode 1
Becoming a Lean Supply Chain Professional - Episode 2
https://www.scl.gatech.edu/resources/whitepapers

https://logistics.gatech.pa/en/education/courses#warehouse-layout




Analytics and Risk Management for Supply Chain Efficiency
http://www.verisk.com/Verisk-Review/Articles/Analytics-and-Risk-Management-for-Supply-Chain-Efficiency.html

From Supply to Demand Chain Management: Efficiency and Customer Satisifaction
2002 - JOM article
http://info.cba.ksu.edu/sheu/MANGT662/MT662_SC%20Reading/Demand%20chain%20Heikkila.pdf


USING SUPPLY CHAIN EFFICIENCY IN PORTFOLIO SELECTION
http://asbbs.org/files/2011/ASBBS2011v1/PDF/F/Farahbod.pdf


___________________

Supply Chain Efficiency - Company News and Reports


Unilever supply chain efficiency, 2009
http://www.logisticsit.com/articles/2009/05/05/4342-unilever-supply-chain


Supply Chain Software


SunSmart Global Inc., an ISO 9001:2015 Certified Multinational Software Corporation incorporated in 2004. SunSmart is headquartered in Silicon Valley, USA and has offices in the UK, Europe, Middle East, India and Far East. SunSmart has more than 3000+ man years of Software Solutions & Services experience in the business verticals of Banking, Financial Services, Securities, Insurance, Government, Retail, Healthcare, Manufacturing and Education.
Products
CRM Software
ERP Software
Asset Management Software
HRMS Software
Procurement Management Software
https://www.sunsmartglobal.com/about-us/


Updated on 16.10.2025, 18.9.2024, 29.7.2024,  6.5.2022,  12.1.2022,  21.12.2021,  10 July 2020,   28 June 2020, 16 February 2020
First posted on 25 September 2012
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Wednesday, October 15, 2025

Articles and Books by R.M. Barnes - Bibliography

Books

Motion and Time Study

AN INVESTIGATION OF SOME HAND MOTIONS USED IN FACTORY WORK
BY R a l p h M. B a r n e s
Professor of Industrial Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa
PU B L ISH E D BY T H E U N IV ER SITY
IOW A CITY, IOW A
February, 1936
http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=uisie


STUDIES OF HAND MOTIONS AND RHYTHM APPEARING IN FACTORY WORK
BY
R a l p h M . B a r n e s
Professor of Industrial Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
AND
M arvin E. M u n d e l
Research Assistant in Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
PUBLISHED BY T H E UN IVER SITY
IO W A CITY, IO W A
FEBRUARY, 1938
http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=uisie







A STUDY OF HAND MOTIONS USED IN SMALL ASSEMBLY WORK
B y
R a l p h M . B a r n e s
Professor of Industrial Engineering
and Director of Personnel
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
AND
M a r v in E . M u n d e l
Research Assistant in Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
PUBLISHED BY TH E UNIVERSITY
IOWA CITY, IOWA
January, 1939
http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=uisie



A STUDY OF SIMULTANEOUS SYMMETRICAL  HAND MOTIONS
By
R a l p h M. B a r n e s
Professor of Industrial Engineering
and Director of Personnel
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
A N D
M a r v in E . M u n d e l
Research Assistant in Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
IOWA CITY, IOWA
April, 1939
http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=uisie

STUDIES OF ONE AND TWO-HANDED WORK
I. Grasping Small Parts from Different Type Bins
II. Grasping Various Sized Parts
III. Positioning Small Parts
By
Ra l ph M. B arnes
Professor of Industrial Engineering
and Director of Personnel
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
Marvin E. Mu n d e l
Instructor in Industrial Engineering
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
AND
J o h n M. Ma c k e n z ie
Graduate Student in Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY
IOWA CITY, IOWA
March, 1940
http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=uisie


A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF PRACTICE ON THE ELEMENTS OF A FACTORY OPERATION
By
R a l p h M . B a r n e s
Professor of Industrial Engineering
and Director of Personnel
College of Engineering
University of Iowa
And
J a m e s S. P e rk in s
Industrial Engineer
Western Electric Company
Chicago, Illinois
W ith the assistance and collaboration of
J. M. J u ra n
Manufacturing Engineer
Western Electric Company
New York, New York
PUBLISH ED BY T H E UNIVERSITY
IOWA CITY , IOWA
NOVEMBER, 1940
http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=uisie



Books

Barnes - Industrial Engineering and Management, Problems and Policies - 1931
https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2021/11/barnes-industrial-engineering-and.html







Updated on 145.10.2025,  9.9.2020
1 July 2013









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Barnes - Industrial Engineering and Management, Problems and Policies - 1931 - Book Information

IEKC Industrial Engineering ONLINE Course Notes


 Title

Industrial engineering and management, problems and policies, by Ralph M. Barnes ..., .

Author 

Barnes, Ralph Mosser, 1908-Barnes, Ralph Mosser, 1908-

Edition 

1st ed.

Published 

New York and London,McGraw-Hill Book Company,c1931

Description 

vii, 366 p.incl. illus., plans, diagrs., forms, fold., pl.24 cm.

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=uc1.$b27038;seq=11



Table of Contents - Page #13

PREFACE. 

CONTENTS PAGE V 

CHAPTER 

PART I INDUSTRIAL PLANT DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT 

I. THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FACTORY BUILDINGS. 

II. THE SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT. 

III. PLANT LAYOUT. 

IV. MATERIALS HANDLING. 

V. INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING-DAYLIGHTING. 

VI. INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING-ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING 


PART II TIME AND MOTION STUDY, WAGES, AND MANUFACTURING COSTS 3 18 38 67 94 109 . · 125 

VII. TIME AND MOTION STUDY. STOP-WATCH TIME STUDY. . 

VIII. TIME AND MOTION STUDY. THE MOTION-PICTURE CAMERA AND MICROMOTION STUDY 149 

IX. WAGES. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 181 

X. WAGES. BASE RATE DETERMINATION 211 

XI. WAGES. THE POINT PLAN. A SYSTEM OF WAGE PAYMENT AND LABOR CONTROL. METHOD OF OPERATION 220 

XII. WAGES. THE POINT PLAN. A SYSTEM OF WAGE PAYMENT AND LABOR CONTROL. DETERMINATION OF STANDARD LABOR COSTS AND RATIOS 

XIII. MANUFACTURING COSTS PROBLEMS 233 246 273 

APPENDICES 

APPENDIX A. General Statement of the Problem. 285

 APPENDIX B. Determination of Economic Lot Sizes. 329 

APPENDIX C. Depreciation Data. 345 

APPENDIX D. The Design of Printed Forms 349 

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 355 .

INDEX. 359 vii



Ud. 15.10.2025

Pub. 2.11.2021


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October Lessons - Industrial Engineering ONLINE Course - Industrial Engineering Knowledge Center

 


______________________________________________________________________

166 - 175

Supply Chain Industrial Engineering - Supply Chain Processes Industrial Engineering

166

167 

168

169

170
171


Process Human Effort Industrial Engineering Module Lessons

201

Process Human Effort Industrial Engineering - Lesson 1. Process Human Effort Industrial Engineering - Introduction to The Module 
Lesson 201 of Industrial Engineering FREE ONLINE Course. 

202
Human Effort Waste Elimination Through Scientific Management - F.W. Taylor
Lesson 202 of Industrial Engineering FREE ONLINE Course. 

203


204


205


206


207


208



209

Paper on Therbligs by Gilbreth

https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2012/07/paper-on-therbligs-by-gilbreth.html


All 365 Lessons - List and Links

Modern Industrial Engineering - A Book of Online Readings

https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2024/12/modern-industrial-engineering-book-of.html








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IE - Human Effort Industrial Engineering - Machine Effort IE - Mechanization and Automation - Barnes, Groover, Wysk

Prof. Narayana Rao K.V.S.S.

Machine Utilization Principle of Industrial Engineering - Prof. Ralph Barnes


1. Few people advocate using human labor to do work that can be done better and cheaper by machines.

2. It is suggested that the best manual method and the best combination of manual and machine method (mechanized) be developed and used as a basis for evaluating a proposed automated process.

(Restated as: Compare best manual method, mechanized method and automated method for each element of an operation and choose the best.)

3. If a large-volume fairly complex job is to be considered, a comparison would be of the estimated cost to do each element of each suboperation manually, or in mechanized way, or automatically.

Ralph Barnes is the first PhD in Industrial Engineering. He wrote the popular text, Motion and Time Study.

In his book. Prof. Barnes clearly stated that process-operation improvement for productivity increase has to consider doing an element of sub-operation of an operation in the process using various combinations of human effort, machine effort, and automated system effort. The best combination that provides highest productivity and lowest cost is to be selected.

Barnes was clear that his book focused only on human effort. It is a book on motion study. He stated that motion and time study is only part of industrial engineering and IE is broader than motion and time study. Industrial engineering in the productivity improvement domain itself has many more tasks. Improving the machine effort and automatic systems effort is clearly evident. All industrial engineers know that the flow process chart representation of the process depicts processing operation, inspection operation, transport operation, temporary delays and storage. Temporary delays are planning and control problems. Storage activity falls into a different area altogether.

In the discipline of industrial engineering, pioneers, Taylor and Gilbreth, identified the role of machine and man in engineering work, especially the production or construction work. Taylor developed the subject in both areas. But Gilbreth's focus was to a large extent on human effort. It is to be noted that  Gilbreth developed number mechanical support devices for construction workers. It is Gilbreth who gave us the process chart and identified many activities to be depicted in the process chart. The subsequent modifications gave us the five step charts.

Maynard and Barnes are second generation industrial engineers following the first generation pioneers Taylor, Gilbreth, Emerson, Gantt etc.

We may see third generation industrial engineering contributors in Groover, Wysk, Sumanth etc.

The contributions of Groover and Wysk are in the area of mechanization and automation. Industrial engineering discipline has not integrated the contribution of Groover and Wysk and many more industrial engineering researchers in the areas of mechanization and automation appropriately into the curriculum and body of knowledge. The discipline has not even recognized adequately that industrial engineering is applicable to all branches of engineering. The contribution of Groover and Wysk is in the area of manufacturing that too, it may be predominantly in machining.

Principles of Industrial Engineering (Narayana Rao, 2017, IISE) clearly bring out the role of machines and automation in industrial engineering and also point out the role of human effort in engineering systems and hence their importance in industrial engineering which is primarily focus on improving engineering systems over their life cycle.

Prof. Mikell Groover, Professor of Industrial Engineering, Lehigh University

Groover presented relevant content for improving processing, inspection, transport, and storage in his book "Automation, Production Systems and Computer Integrated Manufacturing."

Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing - Groover - Book Information


Prof. Richard A. Wysk

Wysk has also written number of books and authored number of paper in the area of manufacturing. But it is interesting to highlight his focus on lean manufacturing which is basically eliminating temporary delays in the process.

Improving Production with Lean Thinking

Javier Santos, Richard A. Wysk, Jose M. Torres

https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Improving_Production_with_Lean_Thinking.html?id=hiPPBwAAQBAJ


(C) Narayana Rao K.V.S.S. Narayana Rao 2020

4 October 2020



Richard Wysk

https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=6OIxzqMAAAAJ&hl=en

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Wysk


Modern Manufacturing Process Engineering

Benjamin W. Niebel, Alan B. Draper, Richard A. Wysk

McGraw-Hill, 1989 - Technology & Engineering - 986 pages

https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Modern_Manufacturing_Process_Engineering.html?id=POpTAAAAMAAJ


Computer-aided Manufacturing

Tien-Chien Chang, Richard A. Wysk, Hsu-Pin Wang

Prentice Hall, 1991 - Technology & Engineering - 674 pages

An in-depth introduction to CIM and flexible or programmable manufacturing systems from product design to manufacturing control.

https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Computer_aided_Manufacturing.html?id=9exTAAAAMAAJ

Computer-aided Manufacturing

Tien-Chien Chang, Richard A. Wysk, Hsu-Pin Wang

Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006 - Technology & Engineering - 670 pages

Using a strong science-based and analytical approach, this book provides a modern description of CAM from an engineering perspective to include design specification, process engineering, and production. The Third Edition of Computer Integrated Manufacturing includes new material on CAD drafting, 3D CAD, surface modeling, solid modeling, feature-based modeling, variational and parametric modeling, tools for PLC logic design, and kinematics of NC machines. New chapters include “Geometric Tolerancing,” “Geometric Modeling,” “Statistical-Based Process Engineering,” “Fundamentals of Industrial Control,” and “Rapid Prototyping.” A valuable resource for any professional who needs to stay ahead of the latest issues and technology related to computer-aided design and manufacturing

https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Computer_aided_Manufacturing.html?id=DAJUAAAAMAAJ

Consideration of Human Operators in Designing Manufacturing Systems

By Namhun Kim and Richard A. Wysk

Published: May 16th 2012

https://www.intechopen.com/books/manufacturing-system/consideration-of-human-operators-in-designing-manufacturing-systems


Improving Production with Lean Thinking

Javier Santos, Richard A. Wysk, Jose M. Torres

John Wiley & Sons, 24-Mar-2015 - Technology & Engineering - 264 pages

This book encompasses the science and analytical background for improving manufacturing, control, and design. It covers specific methodologies and tools for:

* Material flow and facilities layout, including a six step layout design process

* The design of cellular layouts

* Analyzing and improving equipment efficiency, including Poka-Yoke, motion study, maintenance, SMED, and more

* Working conditions improvements, including 5S implementation

It has real-life case studies of successful European and American approaches to lean manufacturing,  It bridges the gap between production/manufacturing and supply chain techniques and provides a detailed roadmap to improved factory performance.

https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Improving_Production_with_Lean_Thinking.html?id=hiPPBwAAQBAJ


Courses on Mechanization and Automation 

COURSE: MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATIZATION OF POSTAL SERVICES


Course title Mechanization and Automatization of Postal Services

Level of course Bachelor

Year of study 1

Semester Winter


Lecturer(s)

Švadlenka Libor, doc. Ing. Ph.D.

Course content

Mechanization and Automation of Technological Processes. Development of Mechanization and Automation in the Postal Services. Small and Medium Mechanization of the Postal Services I. Small and Medium Mechanization of the Postal Services II. Machine Processing of Letter Post I. Machine Processing of Letter Post II. Mechanized Processing of Packages I. Mechanized Processing of Packages II. Systems Providing Internal Transportation Packages in Sorting Centers. Automatic Identification Technology in the Postal Sector. The Informatization of Processes in the Field of Postal Services and the Provision of Electronic Services.


Learning activities and teaching methods

Monologic (reading, lecture, briefing), Dialogic (discussion, interview, brainstorming), Monitoring

unspecified - 25 hours per semester

unspecified - 30 hours per semester

unspecified - 16 hours per semester

Individual project - 20 hours per semester

unspecified - 10 hours per semester

unspecified - 20 hours per semester

Learning outcomes

Inform the students with principles of mechanization and automatization of postal services.

After graduation this subject the student has complex summary about mechanical and automation instruments needing for security efficient process of providing postal services. The student is able to orientate in offer available instruments of little and middle mechanization with their function and construction, understand technology of process mechanical treatment of correspondence and mechanized treatment of packets, informatization processes and electronic services for postal traffic, electronic services providing postal operators. The student understands mathematics-physical fundamental of mechanical-automation processes necessary for treatment of postal packets.

Prerequisites

It supposed elementary knowledge secondary mathematic operation, rules and functions, elementary quantity of statistic, kinematic and dynamic.


Assessment methods and criteria

Oral examination, Written examination, Home assignment evaluation


The student must in course of semester and by final exam demonstrate sufficient knowledge of mechanical and automation instruments and principles needing for efficient postal traffic and understand processes of technological processing postal packets, the student must be able solution this problematic in praxis. The tutor will notify the concrete requirements to the students within the first week of the term.

Recommended literature

BENADIKOVÁ, A., MADA, Š., WEINLICH, S. Čárové kódy - automatická identifikace. Praha: Grada, 1994.

KAJÁNEK, B.; HAZLINGER, E. Mechanizácia a automatizácia pošty a PNS. Časť 1.. Bratislava: Alfa, 1987.

PARÝZEK, J., ŠVENKA, J. Vybrané kapitoly z mechanizácie a automatizácie pošty a PNS. Bratislava: Alfa, 1981.

Švadlenka, Libor. Technika a technologie zpracování poštovních zásilek. Pardubice: Univerzita Pardubice, 2013. ISBN 978-80-7395-727-8.

https://portal.upce.cz/ects/predmet/KDMML/PMVPK?lang=en&rocnik=1&statut=A


Mechanization and Automation in Manufacturing 

By David -May 25, 2018

Mechanization is a process of reducing the human efforts in manufacturing. In modern-day manufacturing, the mechanization is of great importance as it can provide greater production in lowest possible time and at a lower cost. If some element of a manufacturing process is done by machinery instead by human effort in an operation,  then it can be called mechanization.

https://leanmanufacturingsecrets.com/mechanization-and-automation-in-manufacturing/


Mechanization and automation of production processes

https://eng.mentorbizlist.com/4205327-mechanization-and-automation-of-production-processes


Mechanisation, Automation and Handling

FSI-HME-K Acad. year: 2019/2020 Summer semester


The course introduces students to basic types of mechanization, handling and automation components and their theory and their utilization in industrial applications of manufacturing systems for forming, machining, welding, foundry and unconventional technologies is explained. The theory focuses on all kinds of transport systems, cranes, carts and all types of containers, feeders, conveyors, orientators and other peripherals used in automated systems. Furthermore, flexible production systems, automated production lines, integrated production systems, including the analysis of robots and manipulators, are discussed, including computer technology support.

DEPARTMENT: Institute of Manufacturing Technology


LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THE COURSE UNIT


Student will acquire necessary knowledge with regard to the working of classical manufacturing systems, mechanization and automation and handling systems and application of this knowledge to NC and CNC machines, robots and manipulators used at all levels of the engineering enterprise. The acquired knowledge can be applied by the students in both structural and technological departments, even in designing their own proposals of manufacturing productions. The course will be supported by the computer aided technology, which the students will become acquainted with.

PREREQUISITES: Basic knowledge of producing mechanization, handling and basic information about machines and equipment in manufacturing technology (mainly in forming, machining and welding technologies).

AIMS: The main aim is understanding of the work of various mechanization and automation systems and explains their principles. This is based on the recognition of the most primitive classical methods to higher levels of automation.

Programme M2I-K: Mechanical Engineering, Master's

branch M-STG: Manufacturing Technology, 5 credits, compulsory

Programme M2I-K: Mechanical Engineering, Master's

branch M-STM: Manufacturing Technology and Management in Industry, 5 credits, compulsory


SYLLABUS


1. Introduction to the software for the evaluation of automation processes

2. Introduction, shape division of components, classification, mechanization and automation equipment

3. Logic, logical circuits, detecting elements and sensors

4. Numerical control systems NC-CNC-DNC-HNC

5. Objects and solutions of mechanization, automation and manipulation in the field of metal forming technology

6. Objects and solutions of mechanization, automation and manipulation in the field of machining technologies,

welding, casting and cutting

7. Solution of mechanization and automation problems in packaging, brazing, soldering, main principles

8. NC and CNC machines and its application in different technologies, principles

9. Production centers, automated production lines and transport systems

10. Materials handling means, cranes, low- and high- lift trucks, transport and handling systems

11. Industrial robots and manipulators – principles, structure, controlling

12. Conditions for using the industrial robots at production systems, heads, robot equipment

13. Automation production systems and complex handling

https://www.fme.vutbr.cz/en/studenti/predmety/215335


Mechanisation and Automation 

Course syllabus MEAT03_6B 

(MTF - WS 2018/2019)

     Information sheet          ECTS          Syllabus          

     Slovak          English          

University: Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava

Faculty: Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava


lecture 2 hours weekly / 26 hours per semester of study 

laboratory/construction practice 2 hours weekly / 26 hours per semester of study (on-site method) 

Recommended semester/trimester: Production Devices and Systems - bachelor (compulsory), 5. semester

Production Devices and Systems - bachelor (compulsory), 5. semester

 

Learning outcomes of the course unit:

In the course are summarized basic knowledge from the fields of mechanization and automation in machine productions, and the relationships between automation and production. One part of the lectures is dedicated to the hydraulic and pneumatic systems as well as to the automatic control of the dimensions. The next parts of the lectures are dedicated to the programming of the machining tools and additive devices as well as to the adaptive, optimization and geometric management. Finally the last part of the lectures is dedicated to elements of the pneumatic and eletropneumatic systems and their possibilities of use in the fields of mechanization and automation. During the semester, students can take part in field excursions. 

Course contents:

Introduction to problematic issues of mechanization and automation in technological machining processes, objectives of automation and rationalization.

Principles and means of automation and mechanization .

Way to manage machining production systems. General management terms .

Way to manage machining production systems. Copy, geometric and adaptive controll.

Way to manage machining production systems. Digital controll.

Automatic control resources .

Control Mechanisms of automation and mechanization systems. Solid mechanisms (mechanical, hydraulic and electrical ) .

Control Mechanisms of automation and mechanization systems. Fluid and electric mechanisms (hydraulic, pneumatic, electric).

Manipulation and lifting equipment .

Equipment manipulation with stock.

Latching mechanisms and conveyors.

Use of compressed air in automation and mechanization, production, purification and distribution of compressed air.

 

Recommended or required reading:

Basic:

JAVOROVÁ, A. -- MATÚŠOVÁ, M. Mechanizácia a automatizácia: Návody na cvičenia. Trnava : AlumniPress, 2007. 174 p. ISBN 978-80-8096-001-8.

VELÍŠEK, K. -- KOŠŤÁL, P. Mechanizácia a automatizácia. Bratislava : Vydavateľstvo STU v Bratislave, 2007. 187 p. ISBN 978-80-227-2753-2.

JEFIMENKOV, V. -- PLEVA, J. Efektivnost komplexní mechanizace a automatizace. Praha : SNTL, 1987. 106 p.

ANNINSKIJ, B. -- BORSKÝ, J. Komplexní mechanizace ve strojírenských závodech: Pracné a těžké práce. Praha : SNTL, 1962. 405 p.

RUŽIČKA, K. Laboratórne cvičenia z mechanizácie a automatizácie výrobných strojov. Bratislava : SVŠT v Bratislave, 1985. 156 p.

CHVÁLA, B. Mechanizace a automatizace obráběcích strojů. Praha : SNTL, 1970. 310 p.

https://is.stuba.sk/katalog/syllabus.pl?predmet=327085





Ud, 15.10.2025

Pub. 18,10,2020






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Tuesday, October 14, 2025

October - Industrial Engineering Knowledge Revision Plan






HUMAN EFFORT INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Principles of Motion Economy, Motion Study, Ergonomics, Job Evaluation, Wage Incentives


Principles of Industrial Engineering
_______________

_______________






October - First Week


1
Human Effort Industrial Engineering

We studied Taylor's Scientific Management in the introduction to industrial engineering. In Human Effort Industrial Engineering, we need to study "Motion Study" by Frank Gilbreth in full to understand the origin of the discipline.

2.
MOTION STUDY - Frank B. Gilbreth - Part 1
MOTION STUDY: A METHOD FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE WORKMAN
BY  FRANK B. GILBRETH

PREFACE
CHAPTER I

DESCRIPTION AND GENERAL OUTLINE OF MOTION STUDY

3.

MOTION STUDY VARIABLES - Frank B. Gilbreth - Part 2
VARIABLES

I. Variables of the Worker.
II. Variables of the Surroundings, Equipment, and Tools
III. Variables of the Motion.

CHAPTER II  VARIABLES OF THE WORKER

MOTION STUDY VARIABLES - Frank B. Gilbreth - Part 3
VARIABLES OF THE WORKER - Continued.

Variables described by Gilbreth tell us about the early scientific framework of human productivity science. We need to identify the variables that were subsequently added to this framework and scientific laws developed based on them.

4.
MOTION STUDY VARIABLES - Frank B. Gilbreth - Part 4
CHAPTER III - VARIABLES OF THE SURROUNDINGS


5.
MOTION STUDY VARIABLES - Frank B. Gilbreth - Part 5
CHAPTER IV -VARIABLES OF THE MOTION

MOTION STUDY VARIABLES - Frank B. Gilbreth - Part 6
CHAPTER IV -VARIABLES OF THE MOTION - Continued



October - Second Week



8.
FUTURE WORK FOR DEVELOPING MOTION STUDY - Frank B. Gilbreth - Part 7
CHAPTER V - PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF MOTION STUDY


9
Principles of Motion Economy
Principles of Motion Economy - More Details - R.M. Barnes

10.
Motion Study - Human Effort Engineering
Therbligs

11.
The Two-Handed Process Chart for Motion Study
Motion Study - Operation Analysis - Questions

12.
Principles of Human Effort Engineering
Operator Productivity Improvement Using Appropriate Hand Tools - Introduction to Jigs and Fixtures


----------------

October - 3rd Week - Ergonomics


Human Effort - Nature and Effects

Basic Ergonomic Principles
http://www.indevagroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Basic_Ergonomics_Principles.pdf

https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/handtools/workspace.html
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/handtools/tooldesign.html

Ergnomic Guidelines for Manual Material Handling
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2007-131/pdfs/2007-131.pdf




MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF ASSEMBLY OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM THROUGH
ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATION: AN OVERVIEW
http://www.ijmerr.com/v2n2/ijmerr_v2n2_22.pdf

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ASSEMBLY WORKSTATION CONSIDERING ERGONOMICALLY ISSUES
Ibrahim H. Garbie
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University
http://www.usc.edu/dept/ise/caie/Checked%20Papers%20[ruhi%2012th%20sept]/word%20format%20papers/REGISTRATION%20PAID%20PAPERS%20FOR%20PROCEEDINGS/pdf/92%2015%20AN%20EXPERIMENTAL%20STUDY%20ON%20ASSEMBLY%20WORKSTATION%20CONSIDERING%20ERGONOMICALLY%20ISSUES.pdf


October - Fourth Week - Human Productivity Management

Human Effort Productivity Management


22 October



Taylor's Productivity Improvement and Operator Remuneration - Incentive System

23 October

Psychology Evaluation of Scientific Management by Lilian Gilbreth - 1914



25
People Productivity Factors - Model by R.A. Sutermeister


26
Improving Total Productivity - Paul Mali 1978 - Chapter Summaries




Job Evaluation
http://ie.emu.edu.tr/development/dosyalar/%7Be6F-ag1-Pre%7DJOBEV.pdf

Pay Reforms
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/actemp/downloads/publications/srspaysy.pdf

Wage Incentives - Literature Review

Incentives
http://iqsoft.co.in/iem/incentive%20pay%20plans.htm




One Year Industrial Engineering Knowledge Revision Plan

January - February - March - April - May - June

July - August - September - October - November - December




17 October Birthday - Ralph M Barnes (1900)
Rules of Barnes
http://wf-eng.slerahosting.com/html/barnes__rules.html

18 October Birthday HB Maynard

Updated  30 September 2017,  23 August 2017,  11 Sep 2016

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Cost Reduction Tips - How To Cut Costs And Maximize Profits - LinkedIn Course

 Cost Reduction Tips - How To Cut Costs And Maximize Profits

https://www.linkedin.com/learning/cost-reduction-tips-how-to-cut-costs-and-maximize-profits/

https://www.linkedin.com/learning/cost-reduction-tips-how-to-cut-costs-and-maximize-profits/are-your-customers-a-cost   

 

Introduction


1. What to Reduce

What to reduce: Introduction(Viewed)

39s video



Identify your main areas(Viewed)

1m 27s video



Pareto: Where does all your money go?(In progress)

3m 10s video



Comparing cost vs. income

3m 22s video



Are your customers a cost?

7m 5s video



Wrap up

16s video



Chapter Quiz

5 questions


2. Reducing Labor Costs

Bad time management

4m 26s video



The cost of low morale

5m 55s video



Bureaucracy and how to reduce it

8m 27s video



Only have brilliant meetings

5m 10s video



Effective uses of management time

5m 3s video



Utilization of people

2m 50s video



The true cost of staff turnover

5m 47s video



How to choose who to fire

4m video



Better alternatives to firing

4m 4s video



Reorganisation: Good or bad?

2m 26s video



Wrap up

53s video



Chapter Quiz

8 questions


3. Costs Other Than People

Costs other than people: Introduction

18s video



Stock: The hidden curse

3m 31s video



Central purchasing department analysis

6m 28s video



Are subcontractors a hidden money pit?

6m 12s video



What is your optimum quality?

10m 13s video



Effectively managing queues

4m 37s video



Bottlenecks

4m 50s video



Poor utilization of assets

2m 51s video



The real cost of bad IT

7m 34s video



The small stuff

2m 31s video



Get value from marketing

4m 39s video



A lack of investment can be costly

3m 20s video



Your company culture

3m 17s video



Wrap up

51s video



Chapter Quiz

10 questions


4. Top 10 Tips

Top 10 tips: Introduction

15s video



Top 10 things to measure

7m 22s video



Top 10 action to take

3m 55s video



Chapter Quiz

2 questions


Conclusion

Cost Reduction Tips - How To Cut Costs And Maximize Profits

Pareto: Where does all your money go?









Instructor

Chris Croft

Lecturer, Thought Leader, Project Management, Leadership



Course details

2h 19m

Beginner

Released: 7/16/2019



Cost reduction is about making more out of less. By cutting some of its most significant sources of waste and overspending, a company can increase its earnings—all without generating any growth in sales. In this course, instructor Chris Croft conducts a detailed tour of some of the best ways to . Discover how to identify your most profitable customers (and which ones are actually costing you money). Learn how to cultivate a work environment that energizes employees and boosts their efficiency. Plus, explore techniques for handling costs that are unrelated to people, including how to more effectively manage inventory and spot ways to enhance your IT systems.

Learning objectives

Different cost areas affecting your business

Comparing cost vs. income

Enhancing your work environment

Focusing on the most important management tasks

Getting better deals on raw materials and labor

Recognizing your optimum quality level

The hidden costs of subcontracting

Where to avoid cutting costs

Top ten cost-cutting actions to take

Skills covered

Cost Control


45,192 people started learning


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