Friday, November 26, 2021

Automation - Bibliography, Current Status and Issues


Jidoka - Automation and Mechanization - Process Engineering and Industrial Engineering in Toyota Production System

Jidoka, a pillar of Toyota Production Systems advocates automation with human touch in all operations of a process to increase productivity of operators as well as that of total systems.

Automation Websites and Pages






Linkedin Posts



Twitter Posts



2021

IEC 61499 Tutorial for Industrial Automation | Schneider Electric
13 Nov 2020

ABB’s 15-acre Peenya campus turns green with automation
Nov 8, 2021
Bengaluru: Automation and robotics company ABB has used 5,000 of its own products to automate its 15-acre Peenya campus, including its India Headoffice.

Automation technologies can bring 30% efficiency in energy consumption in buildings, which means “you can knock off 10% of total energy consumption in the country.” The Peenya facility is a great one to showcase to customers the technology and benefits at a facility level.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/abbs-15-acre-peenya-campus-turns-green-with-automation/articleshow/87574353.cms

How to Establish an Automation Center of Excellence
Dedicated teams of people can help companies get the most out of their automation systems — and gain a competitive advantage from them too.
Thomas H. Davenport and Gina Schaefer 
May 26, 2021


Intelligent Office Tasks Automation
https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/intelligent-automation

21 Jan 2021

After years of dithering companies are embracing automation.

The pandemic has ushered more robots into factories, warehouses and back offices. They are here to stay.
General Motors is highlighting  delivery vans and autonomous electric pallets for use in warehouses.  
The convergence of software and hardware  is now seen on factory floors in every industry Rockwell Automation serves.  The firm runs a full-scale manufacturing facility at its Milwaukee headquarters, to prove that automation enables it to make competitive products despite America’s high labour costs. Its share price has risen by 28% in the past year, nearly twice as much as the S&P 500 index of big American firms.  Other automation companies have done even better.


What Is Automated Testing? Ultimate Guide
When is test automation a must for you? How do you get started? AI-Driven
Test Automation.
An all-round guide on test automation.
https://testsigma.com/automated-testing


2020

WIPRO  State of Automation Report 2020.
Digital colleagues that augment human workforces can execute processes 70 percent faster and at 50 percent of the cost of total operations and overhead.

https://www.wipro.com/holmes/state-of-automation-report-2020/

Driving value with automation: Accenture myWizard®
NOVEMBER 16, 2020
https://www.accenture.com/us-en/blogs/software-engineering-blog/prasad-driving-value-with-automation-accenture-mywizard

20 Oct 2020

By 2025, employers will divide work between human and machines equally. 
By 2025, automation and a new division of labour between humans and machines will disrupt 85 million jobs globally in medium and large businesses across 15 industries and 26 economies. 
As the economy and job markets evolve, 97 million new roles will emerge across the care economy, in fourth industrial revolution technology industries like artificial intelligence, and in content creation fields.




14 May 2019

Implementing Robots Throughout Manufacturing


The automotive industry has long been at the forefront of robotics in manufacturing. Car makers are still on board with automation throughout the plant, but now almost half of the robotics market (47 percent) is non-automotive.

“Consumer packaged goods companies are really starting to deploy and add robots,” While the market overall saw a third more robots deployed in 2018, that number almost doubled in some CPG markets.

manufacturers are taking advantage of the greater dexterity, vision, mobility, connectivity and safety of today’s robots to reap such benefits as increased throughput, reduced labor costs, improved worker safety, improved product quality and consistency, and more flexible manufacturing.

DDR Communications  2019 Robotics: Innovation 2 Implementation report explores input from a wide variety of sources—end users, OEMs, contract packagers, robot manufacturers, automation suppliers, industry experts, university innovators and more—to detail the significant transformation taking place.

With robots that are easier to use and cheaper to deploy. “Likely, the industry is going to double in the next five years for robotics,” an executive said.

The time needed for installation and training is also a top-ranking obstacle to robotics adoption.

Though different companies are approaching ROI in many different ways, the report identifies six key variables commonly used to justify ROI in robotics:

Reduced labor costs
Increased throughput
Total cost of ownership
Improved quality/reduced waste
Decreased worker injuries
Measurable uptime

ROI was typically expected within two years,  but it was often fully realized within a year.

Innovations in robotics

A wide range of innovations in robots. “They will be smarter, more selective, more integrated, versatile, stronger, teachable, compact, affordable, more hygienic,”  “Programming is also getting easier. It might not be easier enough…but it’s certainly getting easier.”

Robots in the future will be more autonomous—more mobile and agile, with more dexterity. “There are even robots out there already that can get a signal from down the line and they understand that they have to change their end-of-arm tooling,”  “This is what’s coming.”

Color cameras and 3D vision are helping with product quality and consistency. And robots are even getting more perceptive along the way. “They see what they need to do, they fix what they need to do, they understand what they need to fix and then they fix it,”

There’s a world of innovation in the works. In one example, developers taught a robot how to play Jenga—a very interactive game that requires a high level of dexterity. Rather than program it to do the required pushing and pulling, they equipped it with artificial intelligence to provide advanced learning in a shorter period of time. In other innovative examples, robots were equipped with sensors so sensitive to the touch, they can pick up raspberries without crushing them. “Think about how you could apply that in manufacturing,”

Though fulfilling labor needs is a significant driver behind the growth of robotics in manufacturing, it does not mean that manufacturing jobs are going away.  Future skills will be needed to maintain, operate, deploy and engineer robotics.

 “The future will be humans working with robots,”


Automation is sweeping across India's manufacturing space


A number of manufacturing units are automating their shop floors to boost productivity and cut costs.
By  ET Bureau|

At the ion exchange resins unit, the company has removed workers from its chemical mixing process. Instead, it has created an algorithm for each ‘recipe’. An operator feeds the recipe into a system. It then releases chemicals automatically from vats located on the top floor of a five-story structure. The steamer and chiller, on the floors below, are then set to the required temperature and pressure.

“It’s a very tough process to create algorithms for each product. We’ve taken what was  ..

Engineering giant Larsen & Toubro is rapidly automating shop floors and construction sites. On the shop floor, for example, welding is no longer a manual job, even down to maintaining the right temperature. “The operator now sits in a console and monitors the process, which provides a better work environment for him, as well as improving the quality of the work done,”

Three years ago, L&T digitally transformed its construction business, which is 60% of the company. They’ve connected more than 9,600 pieces of equipment at over 400 project sites, by installing sensors and gateways which give  real time data and visibility.

Ashok Leyland   recently automated its cab panels pressing plant in Hosur, Tamil Nadu. It upgraded the existing dies and presses with automated solutions. Soon, output increased two-fold.

“In a cab weld shop, digitization has enabled quick changeover of models, wherein with only soft touches, the entire process gets reset to the required model production and this  ensures 100% product quality. .

Reliance Industries is investing in virtual reality, useful in interactive training and testing for improved safety and reliability.

“3D printing will be an important component of the RIL’s digital manufacturing architecture. RIL has procured state-of the art printers to experiment and learn about this new technology platform while developing potential use cases in manufacturing,” according to its 2018 annual report.

Thermax and L&T track all material entering the shop floor. This helps in better understanding where components are used. The traceability factor has cut down wastage.

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/automation-is-sweeping-across-indias-manufacturing-space/articleshow/69262579.cms


2018

Robotics Business Review 2018 - /Top 50 Robotics Companies
https://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RBR_RBR50_WP.pdf

Automation, Robotics, and the Factory of the Future

September 2017

By Jonathan Tilley


Cheaper, more capable, and more flexible technologies are accelerating the growth of fully automated production facilities. The key challenge for companies will be deciding how best to harness their power.

At one Fanuc plant in Oshino, Japan, industrial robots produce industrial robots, supervised by a staff of only four workers per shift. In a Philips plant producing electric razors in the Netherlands, robots outnumber the nine production workers by more than 14 to 1. Camera maker Canon began phasing out human labor at several of its factories in 2013.


Falling robot prices
As robot production has increased, costs have gone down. Over the past 30 years, the average robot price has fallen by half in real terms, and even further relative to labor costs. As demand from emerging economies encourages the production of robots to shift to lower-cost regions, they are likely to become cheaper still.

New capabilities
Robots are getting smarter, too. Where early robots blindly followed the same path, and later iterations used lasers or vision systems to detect the orientation of parts and materials, the latest generations of robots can integrate information from multiple sensors and adapt their movements in real time. This allows them, for example, to use force feedback to mimic the skill of a craftsman in grinding, deburring, or polishing applications. They can also make use of more powerful computer technology and big data–style analysis. For instance, they can use spectral analysis to check the quality of a weld as it is being made, dramatically reducing the amount of post manufacture inspection required.

Highly variable tasks
Advances in artificial intelligence and sensor technologies will allow robots to cope with a far greater degree of task-to-task variability. The ability to adapt their actions in response to changes in their environment will create opportunities for automation in areas such as the processing of agricultural products, where there is significant part-to-part variability. In Japan, trials have already demonstrated that robots can cut the time required to harvest strawberries by up to 40 percent, using a stereoscopic imaging system to identify the location of fruit and evaluate its ripeness.

Complex tasks
While today’s general-purpose robots can control their movement to within 0.10 millimeters, some current configurations of robots have repeatable accuracy of 0.02 millimeters. Future generations are likely to offer even higher levels of precision. Such capabilities will allow them to participate in increasingly delicate tasks, such as threading needles or assembling highly sophisticated electronic devices. Robots are also becoming better coordinated, with the availability of controllers that can simultaneously drive dozens of axes, allowing multiple robots to work together on the same task.

Working alongside people
Companies will also have far more freedom to decide which tasks to automate with robots and which to conduct manually. Advanced safety systems mean robots can take up new positions next to their human colleagues. If sensors indicate the risk of a collision with an operator, the robot will automatically slow down or alter its path to avoid it. This technology permits the use of robots for individual tasks on otherwise manual assembly lines. And the removal of safety fences and interlocks mean lower costs—a boon for smaller companies. The ability to put robots and people side by side and to reallocate tasks between them also helps productivity, since it allows companies to rebalance production lines as demand fluctuates.

Agile production systems
Automation systems are becoming increasingly flexible and intelligent, adapting their behavior automatically to maximize output or minimize cost per unit. Expert systems used in beverage filling and packing lines can automatically adjust the speed of the whole production line to suit whichever activity is the critical constraint for a given batch. In automotive production, expert systems can automatically make tiny adjustments in line speed to improve the overall balance of individual lines and maximize the effectiveness of the whole manufacturing system.

Automation must show a clear return on investment. Companies, especially large ones, should take care not to overspecify, overcomplicate, or overspend on their automation investments. Choosing the right level of complexity to meet current and foreseeable future needs requires a deep understanding of the organization’s processes and manufacturing systems.
https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/automation-robotics-and-the-factory-of-the-future

https://www.automationworld.com/article/technologies/robotics/implementing-robots-throughout-manufacturing

http://www.mavtechglobal.com/blog/2014/02/14/best-practices-according-to-who/

Rethinking Automation


AUTOMATION STRATEGIES – REFINEMENT OF MANUFACTURING STRATEGY CONTENT
Mats Winroth*, Kristina Säfsten
, Veronica Lindström, Jörgen Frohm, and Johan Stahre
Year of publication not known.

Decision regarding level of automation. (Dynamic Levels of Automation)

Automation Books


Practical Process Automation
by Bernd Ruecker
Released March 2021
Publisher(s): O'Reilly Media, Inc.
ISBN: 9781492061458
Explore a preview version of Practical Process Automation.
https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/practical-process-automation/9781492061441/


Open access peer-reviewed Edited Volume
New Trends in Industrial Automation
2019
https://www.intechopen.com/books/new-trends-in-industrial-automation


Enabling Automation of Composite Manufacturing through the Use of Off-The-Shelf Solutions
Andreas Björnsson
Linköping University Electronic Press, 10-Nov-2014 - 87 pages
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LGVVBQAAQBAJ




Springer Handbook of Automation

Shimon Y. Nof
Springer Science & Business Media, 16-Jul-2009 - Technology & Engineering - 1812 pages

Automation is undergoing a major transformation in scope and dimension and plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and in our daily lives. Engineers combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities. The Springer Handbook of Automation incorporates these new developments and presents a widespread and well-structured conglomeration of new emerging application areas of automation. Besides manufacturing as a primary application of automation, the handbook contains new application areas such as medical systems and health, transportation, security and maintenance, service, construction and retail as well as production or logistics. This Springer Handbook is not only an ideal resource for automation experts but also for people new to this expanding field such as engineers, computer scientists, designers. It is edited by an internationally renowned and experienced expert.

Chapters in Part A explain the significant influence of automation on our life, on individuals, organizations, and society, in economic terms and context, and impacts of precision, accuracy and reliability with automatic and automated equipment and operations. The theoretical and scientific knowledge about the human role in automation is covered in Part B from the human-oriented and human-centered aspects of automation to be applied and operated by humans, to the human role as supervisor and intelligent controller of automation systems and platforms. This part concludes with analysis and discussion on the limits of automation to the best of our current understanding. Covering automation design from theory to building automation machines, systems, and systems-of-systems , Part C explains the fundamental elements of mechatronics, sensors, robots, and other components useful for automation, and how they are combined with control and automation software, including models and techniques for automation software engineering, and the automation of the design process itself. Chapters in Part D cover the basic design requirements for the automation and illustrate examples of how the challenging issues can be solved for the deign and integration of automation with respect to its main purpose: Continuous and discrete processes and industries, design techniques, criteria and algorithms for flow lines, and integrated automation. Concluding this part is the design for safety of automation, and of automation for safety. The main aspects of automation management are covered by the chapters in Part E: Cost effectiveness and economic reasons for the design, feasibility analysis, implementation, rationalization, use, and maintenance of particular automation; performance and functionality measures and criteria. Related also are the issues of how to manage automatically and control maintenance, replacement, and upgrading. Part F, industrial automation, begins with explanation of machine tool automation, including various types of numerical control (NC), flexible, and precision machinery for production, manufacturing, and assembly, digital and virtual industrial production, to detailed design, guidelines and application of automation in the principal industries, from aerospace and automotive to semi-conductor, mining, food, paper and wood industries. Chapters are also devoted to the design, control and operation of functions common to all industrial automation. Infrastructures and service automation are covered in Part G and it is explained how automation is designed, selected, integrated, justified and applied, its challenges and emerging trends in those areas and in the construction of structures, roads and bridges; of smart buildings, smart roads and intelligent vehicles; cleaning of surfaces, tunnels and sewers; land, air, and space transportation; information, knowledge, learning, training, and library services; and in sports and entertainment. Automation in medical and healthcare systems is covered in Part H and shows the exponential penetration and main contributions of automation to the health and medical well being of individuals and societies. First, the scientific and theoretical foundations of control and automation in biological and biomedical systems and mechanisms are explained, then specific areas are described and analyzed. Available, proven, and emerging automation techniques in healthcare delivery and elimination of hospital and other medical errors are also addressed. Finally, Part I, Home, Office, and Enterprise Automation is about functional automation areas at home, in the office, and in general enterprises, including multi-enterprise networks. Chapters also cover the automation theories, techniques and practice, design, operation, challenges and emerging trends in education and learning, banking, commerce. An important dimension of the material compiled for this part is that it is useful for all other functional areas of automation. The concluding part of this Springer Handbook contains figures and tables with statistical information and summaries about automation applications and impacts in four main areas: industrial automation, service automation, healthcare automation, and financial and e-commerce automation. A rich list of associations and of periodical publications around the world that focus on automation in its variety of related fields is also included for the benefit of readers worldwide.

Throughout the 94 chapters, divided into ten main parts, with 124 tables, 1005 figures, the 168 co-authors present proven knowledge, original analysis, best practices and authoritative expertise.

Plenty of case studies, creative examples and unique illustrations, covering topics of automation from the basics and fundamentals to advanced techniques, cases and theories will serve the readers and benefit the students and researchers, engineers and managers, inventors, investors and developers.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2v_91vSCIK0C

Opportunities for innovation : advanced manufacturing technology /
edited by Charles F. Rancourt and Gene R. Simons ; prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Gaithersburg, MD : The Institute, 1992
128 pp.


Automation Articles


Industrial automation: Focus beyond efficiency
As automation becomes more sophisticated and intelligent it is being deployed to take over more human tasks than ever before.
Dec 9, 2018
https://www.fortuneindia.com/opinion/industrial-automation-focus-beyond-efficiency/102763

The Past, Present, and Future of Industrial Manufacturing Automation
Sep 17, 2018
https://kingstar.com/the-past-present-and-future-of-industrial-manufacturing-automation/

Automation - Linkedin, FaceBook, Twitter



21 Dec 2020,  12 July 2019,  1 July 2019, 10 November 2014















3 comments:

  1. Groover -Automation slides based presentation

    Ch 1 Introduction Sections: Production Systems
    https://slideplayer.com/slide/6900208/

    ReplyDelete
  2. ALS logistic solutions deliver pharma logistics services to enable easy picking and storage in the pharma stores. Robotic pharmaceutical automation is an innovative technology that increases quality and efficiency and offers enough flexibility and performance to respond quickly to changing requirements. Our cutting-edge solutions revolutionise the pharmaceutical industry by seamlessly integrating robotics technology, streamlining processes, and enhancing efficiency.

    ReplyDelete